kindles a flame, fo it fhall itself endure the fire of hell, meaning the fame as Matt. v. 22.-Grotius.

Thefe are all the places in which the term yɛɛvva is used in the New Teftament. This word does not occur in the Septuagint. It is not a Greek term. It is a compound of two Hebrew words, ge Hinnom, a place near Jerufalem, of which the first mention is made Joshua xv. 8; xviii. 16. It is, literally, the valley of Hinnom. It was probably fo called from the name of its original poffeffor. It was the place where children were offered to Moloch; (2 Chron. xxxiii. 6; Jerem. xix. 6;) and was called Tophet, perhaps from the found of a drum that was beaten to drown their cries: 2 Kings xxiii. 10. All the filth and dead carcafes that were thrown out of Jerufalem, were caft into this valley, (Jer. vii. 32, 33,) where a continual fire was kept to confume them. As it was ufual in the Eaft to allude to visible objects, and to actions, in order ftrongly to exprefs an idea; fo this word yɛɛvva, in Hebrew, was commonly employed by the Jews figuratively to reprefent the painful and horrible punishment that awaits the obftinate finner in the world to come.Lightfoot on Matt. v. 22. It will not admit of being understood literally, becaufe, omitting various other difficulties, this valley cannot be large enough for a place of punishment for all the wicked, that have ever inhabited, or will inhabit, this globe. The allufion feems to imply, that the wicked fhall, like the carcafes, be destroyed, or perish, or undergo a fecond

death, after a punishment figuratively reprefented by fire. How long the grievous, or fiery, torment will be continued, before it clofes with this fecond diffolution, is not expreffed. The figurative term, yɛɛvva, is fimilar to that allufion which is probably made to the lake Afphaltytes. Rev. xix. 20; xxi. 8; which did once burn. Schleufner in his Lexicon remarks, that yɛɛvva is a term applied to any grievous punishment, especially to a difgraceful death, as well as to the future punishment of the wicked.

SECTION VI.-Adns.

Matt. xi. 23; Luke x. 15. Thou Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, fhalt be brought down, Ews ade, to the grave.

έως

Luke xvi. 18. Thou art Peter, upon this rock will I build my church, and the gates, ace, of death, or the grave, shall not prevail against it.

Luke xvi. 23. Ev Tw ad, in the unfeen state, the rich man lift up his eyes, being in torments, &c.

Acts ii. 27. Thou wilt not leave me, as ade, in the grave, nor fuffer thine holy one to fee corruption.

Acts ii. 31. He fpake concerning the refurrection of Chrift, that he was not left, es ade, in the grave, nor did his flesh see corruption.

1 Cor. xv. 55. O death, where is thy fting? aon, O grave, where is thy victory?

Rev. i. 18. I have the keys of death, and, 78 ade, of the grave.

Rev. vi. 8. I beheld a pale horse, and his name who fat thereon was death; and Hades, & ads, or the unfeen ftate, followeth him.

Rev. xx. 13. The fea gave up the dead which were in it; and Death and ads, Hades, or the unfeen state, gave up the dead which were in them. Rev. xx. 14. Death and o ads, Hades, or the unfeen ftate, were caft into the lake of fire.

Thefe are all the inftances in which ads occurs in the New Teftament. It is always translated the grave by Mr. Wakefield. Archbishop Newcome's tranflations of the word have been adopted in the above enumeration of texts. Ads and, both fignify, the ftate or manfion of the dead in general, both good and bad; those parts which are below the earth, or the fea, a pit or grave. Prov. v. 5; vii. 27; Ifaiah xxviii. 15, 18; Pfalm lv. 15; xlix. 15. The English word hell, in its original fenfe, denoted a covered, concealed, or unfeen place. This fenfe of the word is ftill retained in the western counties of England. To hele over any thing is to cover it. King's Hift. of the Apostles' Creed, ch. iv. p. 194; Doddridge's Par. on Rev. i. 18; Parkhurst's Lexicon; Leigh's Critica Sacra; and particularly Grotius on Matt. xvi. 18. Both paradife and gehenna, according to the Jews, or, as the Greeks would call them both elyfium and tartarus, are evade. Samuel is reprefented as being called & adx.-Grot. on 1 Sam. xxviii. 11, 13.

Jofephus fpeaks of the reward and punishment of fouls being υπο χθονος, which he explains by καθ'

ads. Antiq. lib. xviii. cap. ii. See Grotius's notes on Luke xvii. 23; xxiii. 43; 2 Cor. xii. 4.

The parable of the rich man and Lazarus shews, that the state of all the dead, both good and bad, was confidered as being beneath the earth, and on the fame level. Both the circumftances of the ftory, and even the very words and expreffions employed in it, confirm thefe ideas. See Campbell's Prelim. Diff. to his Tranfl. of the Gofpels; diff. vi. part II. fec. 20; and Lightfoot's note on Luke xvi. 26. Ads, then, which in our common English translation is often rendered hell, has no relation to vice or virtue, reward or punishment; it fignifies merely the state of the dead in general. Among the Hebrews, this word was used to denote the state of the dead, between the time of their departure from this life, and their refurrection to another.

SECTION VII.

Αποθνήσκω, θανατος, δεύ]ερος θάνατος.

Rom. viii. 13. If ye live according to the flesh, μελλέζε αποθνησκειν, ye muft die hereafter. Newcome. Rom. viii. 6. For the minding of the flesh is, Javaros, death.

Rom. vi. 21. What fruit had ye in the things of which ye are now afhamed? for the end of thofe things is, Javaтos, death.

Rom. vi. 23.

For the wages of fin will be, Javaros,

death.

2 Cor. ii. 16. To the one we are the odour, JavaTy Eis JavaTov, of death unto death.

James i. 15. Sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth θανατον, death.

1 John iii. 14. We know that we have paffed over, En т8 JavaTY, from death unto life.

1 John v. 16. If a man fee his brother fin a fin which is not, weos Javaтov, unto death, he fhall afk and full obtain life for him; for them, I fay, who fin not, wgos JavaTor, unto death.

1 John v. 17. There is a fin, wgos Javarov, unto death; and there is a fin not, wgos Favarov, unto death.

up

Rev. i. 18. I have the keys T8 Javare, of death. Rev. xx. 13. O JavaTos, Death and Hades, gave the dead which were in them.

Rev. xx. 14. And Javaros, Death, and Hades, were caft into the lake of fire.

Rev. xxi. 4. O Javaros, death, will be no more. Death does not convey the idea of an eternal fuspenfion of life, or of total extinction of being.

Δεύτερος θάνατος.

Rev. ii. 11. He that overcometh fhall not be hurt, εκ τε θανατε τε δευτερα, by the fecond death.

Rev. xx. 6. On them that have part in the first refurreation, ὁ δευτερος θάνατος, the fecond death hath no power.

Rev. xx. 14, 15. Death and Hades were caft into the lake of fire. This is & deuregos Javaros, the fe