sonant of the root with the vowel a, to which also may be added: tlias, ལེན་ན་སོང་, ཁྱོད་རང་ལ་ཐུག་ག་ལ་ཡོངས་སོང་ ,(I) have come to meet you'; in the third, the direct Im perative adding ཞུ་ for the sake of civility, དགོངས་ཞུ་ ,pray permit!" In the case of B. 2., instead of མ་འོང་བར་མཐོང་ནས་; the expression in common use will be tཨ་མ་ཡོང་ or ཡོང་ ང་མཐོང་ནས་; instead of སུས་ཀྱང་མ་ཚོར་བར་, eitherthe same form, མ་ཚེར་ར་, or the Gerund, . — In CT those examples would respectively, stand thus, བསླབ་ཏུ་ or བསླབ་ བསླབ་པའི་དོན་དུ་དཀག་པོ་ ldb-ta, ldb-ba (sounding al བ་ or most lă-wa), láb-pa don-du kag-po; in the third instance a peculiar word,,rog', is used, which is said to be originally the same as (),friend,assistant“,and ser ves now as the respectful substitute of 4, Particle of the Imperative, གནང་རོག་ ,pray permit!', སྟེར་རོག་ ,pray give! Instead of etc. the most usual form in CT will be the simple Participle, མ་ཤེས་པ་. Note 2. All the forms, of course, where or are met with might in certain cases belong to the Participle, and not to the Infinitive. Note 3. The reader will have missed any mention of tenses of the class of Pluperfect, Past Future etc., and, indeed, there exists no form of the kind, and they can only be rendered by a Gerund, e.g. ཡི་གེ་བྲིས་ཟིན་ནས་བཀལ་སོང་ ,when (he) had written the letter, (he) sent (it) off་; ཡི་གེ་ བྲིས་ཟིན་ནས་བཀལ་བར་འགྱུར་(WT: བཀལ་ཡིན་, CT: བཀལ་ རྒྱུ་ཡིན་) ,when (he) shall have written the letter, (he) will sent (it) off. Neither have the Conditional or Subjunctive any special form. Thus, e.g., འདི་མ་བྱས་ན་མི་འཚོའོ་ ,if we did not do that, we could not live (i.e. we cannot earn oursustenance in any othermanner); ཅིའི་ཕྱིར་ཁྱོད་ཟེར་བ་ནི་མི་ ཉན་ ,why should not I hear (grant) what you say (your wish)?'; བརྡ་མ་བཀྲོལ་ཞིང་རྟགས་མ་མཐོང་ན་མི་རྟོགས་པར་འདུག་ ,if (you) had not explained it, and (we) had not seen the signs, we would not have understood it; མིས་མི་རྙེད་པས་ སྤྲུལ་པ་ཅིག་བཏག་དགོས་ ,as a man would not find it, I must send an emanation'; vulg., WT, ཨི་ཟུག་ཐག་རིང་མ་ཡིན་ན་ ངའི་རྩར་འགྲོ་དུ་ཡོང་ཡིན་ ,if the distanee was not so great, they would come to me (visit me)‘.Here may be added, that also the intention of, or attempt at, doing something is expressed by the simple verb: thus, བདག་གིས་བཀག་ ཡང་མ་བཏུབ་ཀྱིས་ ,though I did try to hinder him, I could not'; བདག་གི་ཉེ་གནས་ཆུར་མཆོངས་པ་མཐོང་ནས། ཆུར་མ་ཕྱིན་ པར་རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་གྱི་མཐུས་བླངས་སོ་ ,as he saw his own disciple 64 A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb. on the point of springing into the water (and that he had sprung off the bank), he held him back by the force of his magic, so that he did not touch the water‘ (s. 41. B. 2. b.). Especially the gerunds in ལས་ (41. A. 6.) have often this meaning: བདག་སྲོག་དང་བྲལ་བ་ལས་སྲོག་གི་སྐྱབས་བྱས་སོ་ ,when I was about to be parted from life, he saved it“; སྦྲུལ་ཁྲོས་ནས་གདུག་པ་ཕྱུང་པ་ལས་ཡང་འདི་སྙམས་བསམས་སོ་ ,the snake, having become angry, though she intented (or: had at ffrst int.) to let out her poison, reflected thusé.As will be seen from these examples, the action, in such cases, is thought to have begun in fact. གཏོང་, A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb. Present: w བཏང་འདུག་ give མཐོང་བ་ཡིན་ མཐོང་མཁན་ཡིན་ I see intens. མཐོང་བར་བྱེད་ C མཐོང་སྟེ་འདུག་(or ཡོད་) བཏང་ མཐོང་ བཏང་ཟིན་ W མཐོང་གིན་འདུག་ (༠r ཡོད་); C མཐོང་གི་འདུག་ Perfect: w བཏང་སོང་ gave, have given (C མཐོང་བྱུང་ I am seeing C མཐོང་བྱུང་ saw, W སོང་སྟེ་ཡོད་ C སོང་ཡོད་ བཏང་ཚར་ I have given, intens. མཐོང་བར་བྱས་ བཏངས་པ་ཡིན་ has been given གཏང་ ' Future: w བཏང་ཡིན་ shall, will give མཐོང་བར་འགྱུར་ ༠ མཐོང་རྒྱ་ཡིན་ shall, will see intens. མཐོང་བར་བྱ་ སླེབ་ཡོང་, སླེབ་པར་འོང་ will arrive Imperative: ཐོང་ Wབཏོང་ give! བཏོན་བཏོང་ take out! བསད་དགོས་ kill! མཐོང་ཅིག་ see! intens. མཐོང་བར་བྱོས་ uegat. མ་གཏོང་ མ་བཏང་ do not give! མཐོང་བར་མ་བྱེད་ Chapter VII. The Adverb. 42. We may distinguish three classes of adverbs: 1. Primitive adverbs. 2. Adverbs formed from Adjectives. 3. Adverbs formed from Substantives or Pronouns. 1. Very few Primitive Adverbs occur; the most usual are: ད་ ,now་, ནམ་ ,when་, སང་ (books and CT) or r ཐོ་རེ་ (WT) ,to morrow', and a few similar ones; ཡང་ ,again‘, and the two negatives and ', the latter of which is used in prohibitive sentences, and with a past tense, as མི་གཏོང་ ,(I) do not give་, མི་གཏང་ ,(I) shall notgiveí, but: མ་བཏང་ ,did not give', མ་གཏོང་ (WT: མ་བཏང་) ,do not Jäschke, Tibetan Grammar. 5 , give!‘ The verbs ཡིན་, ལགས་, མཆིས་, རེད་ have always instead of before them (40.). Another particle of this kind, of a merely formal value, is, which is added to any word or group of words in order to single it out and distinctly separate it from everything that follows. It is, therefore, often very useful in lessening the great indistinctness of the language, especially so when separating the subject from the attribate: མི་དེ་ནི་ལ་དྭགས་པ་ཡིན་ ,that man is a Ladakee'. (There is scarcely an adequate word to be found in our modern languages, but the Greek ye, or uɛv-de-, are very similar.) In talking it is seldom heard, and, when used, in WT pronounced: 5. 2. Adverbs may be formed from any Adjective by putting it in the Terminative case, བཟང་པོ་ ,g༠༠d་, བཟང་པོར་ well‘; རབ་ ,principal, རབ་ཏུ་ ,principal, very‘; དྲག་ པོ་ ,violent', དྲག་པོར་ or དྲག་ཏུ་ ,violently‘. 3. Nearly all the local Adverbs are formed from Substantives or Pronouns with some local Postposition: ‚the place (space) above, upper part, ‚above“, གོང་ཏུ་ ,upwards་. གོང་ནས་ ,from above (downwards)'; འདི་ ,this་, འདི་ན་ ,in this, here', འདི་རུ་, འདིར་ ,hither, hereé (cf. 15.), འདི་ནས་ ,hence'; དེ་ ,that', དེ་ན་ ,there་, དེ་རུ་,དེར་ ,thither, there',,from there, thence, then, after that“. |