SECTION DXXV.-CORRESPONDENT ADVERBS.

YEA-NAY; "Did he say yea or nay

NOT ONLY-BUT ALSO; "He was not only kind, but also courteous."

NOW-NOW;

WHERE

"Like leaves on trees the race of man is found:

Now green in youth, now withering on the ground."

THERE; 66 Where you dwell, there will I dwell." WHEN THEN; When pride cometh, then cometh shame." "In glittering pomp appear:

THERE HERE ;

There bold Automedon, Patroclus here."

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.

RULE XXXVIII. -a. Despair naturally produces indolence.

C. S.

C. S.

b. A perfect woman, nobly planned

To warn, to comfort, and command.-WORDSWORTH.

c. So well-educated a boy naturally gives great hopes to his friends. C. S.

Note I.-a. Use a little wine for thine often infirmities. F. S.

b. We should implant in the minds of youth such seeds and principles of piety and virtue as are likely to take soonest and deepest root. C. S.

Note II.-a. For why the good old rule

Sufficeth them, the simple plan,

That they should take who have the power,
And they should keep who can.-WORDSWORTH.
C. S.

c. But an eternal now does ever last.-COWLEY.

b. He went to where the accident was committed.

In this example, ever last is tautological.

C. S.

C. S.

Note III.- -a. In a word, his speech was all excellent good in itself. F. S.

b. He came agreeable to his promise, and conducted himself suitable to the occaF. S.

sion.

Note IV. .-a.

Come here to me, if you will not go there to him. C. S.

b. Come hither, come hither, by night and by day

We linger in pleasures that never are gone. C. S.

Note V.-a. He arrived at Liverpool, and from thence he went to London. F. S. b. He arrived at Liverpool, and thence he went to London. C. S.

Note VI.-a. The Lord is King, be the people never so impotent. C. S.

b. Ask me never so much dowry. C. S.

c. If the opportunities of some persons were ever so favourable, they are too idle to improve them. C. S.

Note VII.-a. The Scriptures are a revelation from God; here we find the truths we need to know. C. S.

b. His follies had reduced him to a situation where he has everything to fear and nothing to hope. C. S. Instead of where, many grammarians would say in which. c. Where the heart has laid down what it most loved, it is desirous of laying itself down. C. S. Where, in this case, is used like what, and contains in itself the antecedent.

Note VIII.-Will he, upon examination, confess the truth?__ No. C. S.

Note IX.-a. I can not by no means admit it to be true. F. S.

b. Nobody can never say that none of our family was never guilty of no disunhonestness. F. S.

Note X.-If that be all, there is no need of paying for it, since I am resolved to have that pleasure, whether I am there or no. F. S.

66

CHAPTER VII.

SECTION DXXVI.-SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS.

66

RULE XXXIX.-PREPOSITIONS govern the objective case; as, They went out from us, because they were not of us;" From him that is needy turn not away;" "The face of Raphael's mother blends with the angelic beauty of all his Madonnas."

Prepositions sometimes govern sentences; as, "But before I can venture to lay it before you, it is proper to call your attention to how matters stood at the time of its publication.”—ÉRSKINE in behalf of Stockdale.

The accurate or appropriate use of prepositions can be understood only by carefully keeping in mind the exact relations which they express. It is the remark of Bopp, that at the bottom of every preposition, in its original sense, there exists a relation between two opposite conceptions; thus, before implies behind, and over, under. See Section CCCLXXIV.

Note I. A preposition expresses the relation in which the conception named by a noun substantive stands to that named by another noun substantive, or asserted by a verb, or assumed by an adjective. It should, therefore, be placed as near as possible to each of the words whose relations it expresses: "The ignorance of the age in mechanical arts rendered the progress very slow of the new invention." It should be, "the progress of the new invention very slow."

Note II. The preposition is sometimes separated from its noun, in order to connect different prepositions with the same noun; as, To suppose the zodiac and the planets to be efficient of and antecedent to themselves." This form, though inelegant, is often convenient, especially in forms of law, where exactness and fulness must take place of every other consideration.

Note III. The preposition is sometimes separated from the word which it governs; as, "Milton is an author whom I am much delighted with." The form of expression is in some cases idiomatic and expressive, though a violation of a general rule.

Note IV.-Prepositions are sometimes understood; as, "He gave me a book;" "Get me some paper" He gave to me a book; Get for me some paper. These, as explained elsewhere, are remains of Dative forms existing in the Anglo-Saxon, and may be parsed without the aid of a preposition. See Section cocoLXXXVI. The prepositions IN, ON, FOR, and FROM, are understood before nouns of time and place; as, "next month," are used elliptically, for "on this day," "in this month." what different view of such sentences, see Section CCCCLXXXVI.

This day," For a some

Note V. The word to which the preposition refers is often omitted; as, "He is a person not fit to converse with." The ellipsis may be supplied by whom it is introduced into the sentence: "He is a person whom it is not fit to converse with."

In those instances in which the preposition is treated as an adverb, there is often a noun understood; as, "The heavens above," "the earth beneath."

Note VI.-Prepositions seem sometimes to be put absolutely after the perfect participle; as, "The man spoken to," "The subject talked of."

Note VII.-Prepositions are in some cases used for nouns ; as, "The ins are fewer than the outs."

Note VIII. The prepositions UP, ON, OVER, BY, &c., are often subjoined to verbs, so that the verb and preposition can be regarded as a compound word; as, "To get up." Some of these compounds are idiomatic; as, "To get up" = to rise; "to go on' proceed.

66

66

" to

Note IX.—Grammarians are not agreed as to the syntax of near and nigh, like and unlike, save and except, but and than, and some others. In the phrases near him," "nigh him," some regard near and nigh as performing the office of prepositions, like the

Latin words propior, proximus, while others consider the preposition to as understood. In the phrases"except them" and "save them," some consider accept and save as prepositions, while others regard them as verbs in the Imperative. They were originally verbal. The words saving, barring, during, touching, concurring, relating to, originally participles, perform the functions of prepositions. Thus we see that words which were adjectives, verbs, or participles, become prepositional in their character.

Note X.-The preposition To is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion; as, "I went to London ;" but the preposition AT is generally used after the verb to be; as, "I have been at Windsor." The preposition IN is set before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; as, "He lives in France." In the Devonshire dialect, "He lives to Exmouth" is used instead of "at Exmouth." Note XI.-Two prepositions in some cases come together; as, "From under the ship."

"From before the lustre of her face, White break the clouds away."

" In

These are called

Note XII.-Prepositions are elliptically construed with certain adjectives; as, vain," "in secret" and also with certain adverbs; as, "At once. adverbial phrases.

Note XIII.-Prepositions sometimes form compound verbs by being joined with Intransitive verbs, and also with verbs in the passive voice; as, "She smiled at him ;""A bitter persecution was carried on."

· In

Note XIV. In some cases the preposition is advantageously repeated; as, journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils on the sea, in perils among false brethren, in weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in cold and nakedness."

Note XV.-It is a general rule that Greek, Latin, and French derivatives are followed by a preposition corresponding with that which is in composition; as, "To sympathise with; "to expel from," "to adapt to." To this rule there are many exceptions; We submit to;" 639 66 we prefer to " "aversion to," not "aversion from." Note XVI.-The following examples of the improper use of prepositions, with corrections, are from MURRAY'S Grammar:

as,

"He was resolved of going to the Persian court;" "on going," &c.

"He found the greatest difficulty of writing;" "in writing," &c.

"The English were a very different people then to what they are now," "from what," &c.

"It is more than they thought for ;" thought of."

"The history of Peter is agreeable with the sacred texts ;" "agreeable to," &c. "He was made much on at Argos;" "much of," &c.

"Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path;" "from the path."

"In compliance to (with) your request.'

"The rain has been falling of a long time;" "falling a long time.”

"He was eager of recommending it to his fellow-citizens;""in recommending," &c. "You have bestowed your favours to the most deserving persons ;"

deserving persons."

"If policy can prevail upon force;" cver force."

upon the most

"The variety of factions into which we are still engaged;"" in which."

"The wisest princes need not think it any diminution to their greatness, or derogation to their sufficiency, to rely upon counsel;"" diminution of," and "derogation from." "A strict observance after times and fashions;" "of times."

"Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat and swallow a camel;" "which strain out a gnat."

SECTION DXXVII. THE COLLOCATION ON PREPOSITIONS.

The general rule is, that the preposition shall precede the substantive which it governs. To this rule there are exceptions. For though, in construction, it precedes the noun or pronoun dependent on it, yet in its position in the sentence it may be far separated from it, as in Note III., or even follow it.

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS.

RULE XXXIX.-a. He came from Switzerland, through France, over to England, and stayed some months among us. C. S.

b. Between you and I, there is much mischief in that plan. F. S.

c. Does that boy know who he speaks to? Who does he offer such language to? F.S. d. He had not long enjoyed repose before he began to be weary of having nothing to do. C. S.

Note I.-The success was very great of that enterprise. F. S.

Note II. -a. He was related to, and governed by, the same person. F. S.

b. He was refused admission into, and forcibly driven from, his home. F. S. Note III. -The man whom I bought that horse of is not honest.

Note IV.-a. When at the stationer's, will you get me some paper? C. S.

b. I shall be in London next month. C. S.

Note V.- -a. This pen which I have just bought is not fit to write with. C. S.
b. When we look around we see abundant proofs of the goodness of God. C. S.
Note VI.-This doctrine is everywhere spoken against. C. S.

Note VII.-There are ultras on both sides. C. S. Ultra is a Latin preposition.
Note VIII.-After waiting a long time, we gave over looking for them. C. S.

Note IX.-Like the dew on the mountain,

Like the foam on the river,

Like the bubble on the fountain,

Thou art gone, and for ever.-SCOTT.

C. S.

Note X.-In his journey he went to London, but is now in Brighton. C. S.
Note XI.-With noise like the sound of distant thunder,

Roaring they rushed from the black clouds under. C. S.

Note XII.-In vain; in earnest; in secret; in public. C. S.

Note XIII.

In that club the Christian religion was scoffed at.

C. S.

C. S.

Note XIV. In their dress, their table, their houses, their furniture, the favourites of fortune united every refinement of convenience, of elegance, and of splendour. Note XV.-To comply with; to adapt to; to compare with. C. S.

Note XVI.-You have bestowed your favours to the most deserving persons. F. S.

CHAPTER VIII.

SECTON DXXVIII.-SYNTAX OF CONJUNCTIONS.

66

RULE XL-CONJUNCTIONS connect propositions, sentences, or single words; as, " He is wise and she is virtuous;" Honour your parents if you wish for happiness in life;" "William and Mary are a happy pair."

A careful analysis of the power of the conjunction goes far toward proving that it is a part of speech serving to show the particular mode in which one sentence is connected with another sentence; while single words are connected by prepositions, and not by conjunctions. See Section CCCLXXV. For the relations which conjunctions bear to the subjunctive mode, see Section DXVIII.

Note I.-The conjunction THAT serves to introduce a sentence; as, "That he should have missed his way is not strange."

Note II.-Disjunctives (OR, NOR) are of two sorts, real and nominal. A king or queen always rules in England. Here the Disjunction is real, king and queen being different names for different objects. In all real Disjunctions, the inference is, that if one out of two (or more) individuals (or classes) do not perform a certain action, the other does.

A Sovereign or Supreme governor always rules in England. Here the Disjunction is nominal, sovereign and supreme governor being different names for the same object. In

all nominal Disjunctives, the inference is, that if an agent (or agents) do not perform a certain action under one name, he does (or they do) it under another.-LATHAM.

Note III.-In poetry, NOR and OR are frequently substituted for either and neither; thus, "Nor Simois,

Nor rapid Xanthus' celebrated flood."-ADDISON.

"Or by the lazy Scheldt or wandering Po."-GOLDSMITH.

Note IV.-Ir is sometimes employed for whether; as, "He doubts if two and two

make four."

Note V.-The conjunction is often omitted; as, "Were there no difference there would be no choice," that is, "if there were." See Section DXVIII.

Note VI.-Some conjunctions have their corresponding conjunctions, so that in the subsequent member of the sentence the latter conjunction answers to the former; as, 1. THOUGH YET, NEVERTHELESS; as, "Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull."

2. WHETHER-OR; as, "Whether he will go or not, I cannot tell." 3. EITHER OR; as, "I will either send it or bring it myself."

4. NEITHER NOR; as, "Neither thou nor I am able to compass it.”

5. As-As; expressing a comparison; as, "He is as good as she."

Note VII.-In like manner, certain conjunctions correspond with certain adverbs: 1. As-so; expressing a comparison; as, "As he excels in virtue, so he rises in estimation;" "As the stars, so shall thy seed be."

2. So-AS; "To see thy glory so as I have seen Thee in the sanctuary;" "Pompey was not so great a man as Cæsar."

3. So-THAT; expressing a consequence; as, "He was so fatigued that he could scarcely move."

4. RATHER-THAN; as, "He would consent rather than suffer." 5. NOT ONLY-BUT ALSO; as, "He was not only prudent, but he was also industrious."

Note VIII.-In like manner, certain conjunctions correspond with certain adjec

tives; as,

1. OTHER THAN ; "Were it any other than he, I would not submit;" "He is greater than I."

2. SAME-AS; "Your paper is of the same quality as this."

3. SUCH-AS; "I will give you such pens as I have."

4. SUCH THAT ; "His diligence was such that his friends were confident of success." 5. Comparatives generally are followed by THAN; as, "He is greater than I."

Note IX.-NEITHER, NOR, and EITHer, or, should be placed next the words to which they refer; as, "Neither he nor his friends were present;" "It neither improves the understanding nor delights the heart."

Note X.-The pronominal adjective ALL sometimes beautifully supplies the place of the copulative conjunction; as,

"All heart they live, all head, all eye, all ear,

All intellect, all sense."-Paradise Lost.

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF CONJUNCTIONS.

RULE XL. -a. This rock soon became hallowed in the esteem of the Pilgrims, and these bills grateful to their sight. C. S.

b. I shall visit him this summer because he desires it. C. S.

c. The day is pleasant because the sun shines. The day will be pleasant if the sun shine. C. S.

Note I. That we may fully understand the subject, let us consider the following: propositions. C. S.

Note II.-a. A king or queen always rules in England. C. S.

b. The syntactical division of the parts of speech may be traced to the first beginnings of dialectic or logic; in other words, to Plato. The formation of a system of logic is, in fact, simply a discovery of the principles of syntax, or of the formation of sentences. C. S.

Note III. -a. Nor pain, nor grief, nor anxious fear
Invade thy bounds. C. S.

b. Ob struggling with the darkness of the night,
And visited all night with troops of stars,

Or when they climb the sky, or when they sink. C. S.