gallantry at Calumpit, and his final success in the capture of Aguinaldo raised him to the same grade in the regular army of the United States.

As for the revolution under Aguinaldo, after an extended period of open field fighting a guerilla warfare had taken its place, this continuing for two years and being attended with much display of treachery, ferocity and cruelty. In the pursuit of Aguinaldo and his guerilla bands Funston was especially active, chasing him from place to place and from the plains to the hills, and to the mountains. Between May 5,1900, and the end of the contest, more than a thousand" contacts" took place between the insurgents and their pursuers, the American casualties approaching 900, while the Filipinos lost 3854 in killed and 1193 in wounded, the captured and surrendered reaching nearly 30,000. Apparently the only way to put an end to this bloody conflict lay in the capture of Aguinaldo and to this General Funston actively devoted himself. In February, 1901, despatches and order books of Aguinaldo were captured, and these made it clear that the insurgent leader was then at Palanan, in the province of Isabela. Funston now devised a shrewd plan for his capture. Organizing a party of eightyone Macabebe scouts disguised as insurgents he set out for that locality, taking with him four American officers and five ex-insurgent officers. This expedition started for Palanan about mid-March, landing at Casiguaan Bay and proceeding for six days through a mountainous country very difficult to traverse. They finally drew near to Palanan, posing as a party of insurgents on the way to join Aguinaldo, the American officers with them being closely guarded as prisoners. The Americans being left in

the rear of the party, the Macabebes advanced towards Aguinaldo's headquarters. Here they found a line of fifty men drawn up to receive them, the ex-insurgent officers with them entering the room in which Aguinaldo and his attendants awaited their visitors.

A signal to the Macabebes to fire on the guard was now given, while the officers who had entered the room fired at the attendants and seized Aguinaldo. One man was killed and one wounded, while the guards outside dispersed, leaving the rebel chief in the hands of the Americans. This affair put an end to Aguinaldo's hostile attitude, though it did not end the insurrection, some of the insurgents remaining under arms for a year later. But Aguinaldo's subsequent life was that of a quiet citizen, and with his loss the backbone of the insurrection was broken.

This success, as above stated, made Funston a brigadier-general in the United States Army. The remainder of his life may be briefly told. Placed in command of the Department of California in 1905 the condition of affairs in San Francisco led him to put that city under martial law, while he rendered valuable services to the city after its terrible earthquake. After Vera Cruz was occupied by American forces in 1914 Funston was sent to take over the administration of that city, he being later made a major-general. In 1916, after the raid of Villa on Columbus, New Mexico, and the sending of a punitive expedition to Mexico, Funston took command of the situation, controlling the movements of Pershing and the forces under him. This was practically the end of his career, he dying February 19, 1917.

GENERAL PERSHING IN PURSUIT OF

VILLA AND THE KAISER

On the 9th of March, 1916, occurred an event that created intense excitement in the United States and Mexico, and for a time greatly disturbed the relations between those two nations. On the day in question a party of about 1500 Mexican bandits under the leadership of Francisco Villa, ex-bandit and revolutionist, made a sudden raid on the frontier town of Columbus, New Mexico. Spies sent in advance had located the small party of troops on guard over the town, 13 in number, and had cut the telegraph and telephone wires. For a time terror and bloodshed reigned unchecked. The principal buildings were looted, several houses were fired, and many residents shot, II of these and some of the troopers being killed. This outrage, however, did not pass unavenged, a party of soldiers and citizens being soon in pursuit of the retreating bandits, whom they chased over the border, killing 40 of the dastardly crew. At this time a force of about 19,000 American soldiers guarded the border, under the command of General Funston, who at once took the matter in hand and organized an expedition, under General Pershing, to pursue and punish the bandits.

It must suffice to state briefly the record of this new commander. Born in Missouri in 1860, on the verge of the Civil War, John Joseph Pershing graduated into the army from the Military Academy at West Point. Born in the same year as General Wood, he, like the latter, served against the Apaches

and also against the Sioux Indians, and later took part in 1898 in the fight against the Spanish at Santiago. He achieved distinction in the service, rising gradually in rank from lieutenant to the grade of brigadier-general in 1906 and being made major-general ten years later as a reward for his activity in the campaign against Villa and his men.

66

These few items by way of introduction. Though Carranza, the Mexican president, protested vigorously against the invasion of Mexico by a military force, the United States Government did not waste much time in sweeping away his protests, and on March 15, six days after the outrage at Columbus, Uncle Sam's hand reached over the border." Pershing led the chief party, consisting of 4000 men, while Colonel Dodd led a small force to Casa Grandes, 60 miles from the frontier. By the 26th the pursuers had advanced 200 miles over Mexican soil, hot on Villa's track. On the 29th Villa, who had meanwhile made an attack on a Mexican force at Guerrero and taken 170 captives, was surprised by an American attack, his men being defeated and many of them killed, with very small loss to the Americans. Pershing had been very active in this preliminary work, and was hot on the track of the famous bandit.

The work of the pursuers was the reverse of agreeable. Much of their route lay through an alkali desert, the dust of which got into their eyes and down their throats, and many were the anathemas against the Mexicans who had led them into so God-forsaken a region. As for water it was almost non est, while the little they got was so hot in their canteens as to be hardly drinkable. Such are some of the delights of campaigning in a desert.

Despite all these sources of inconvenience and distress the Americans kept on Villa's track so vigorously as barely to give him time for an hour's rest. On the morning of March 31, after a ride of 55 miles in 17 hours of day and night, Colonel Dodd, with a cavalry force of 400 men, struck upon the bandit's camp at 6 o'clock, just as they were rising from a period of rest, and put the Mexicans to so hasty a flight that they left all their camping equipment behind them, thirty of them being found dead, while it was reported that Villa was dangerously wounded, though later information did not accord with this report. The flight was continued until the foothills of the mountains were reached. Here the bandit force broke into small parties and sought refuge in the hills while Dodd's men took the rest they sorely needed.

By April 2 Pershing's men were 225 miles below the border, and the hills were being searched for the fleeing bandits, who were supposed to be hid in secret places in the mountain canyons and ravines, lurking resorts with which they were thoroughly familiar. From this time forward Villa managed to keep out of touch with his pursuers, while President Carranza renewed his urgent demand, though in more pacific language, for a withdrawal of the American troops, with a promise to furnish a large army to hunt the bandits, a zone being established beyond which the Americans agreed not to advance. This practically ended the expedition in pursuit of Villa, who succeeded in keeping in close seclusion. The American forces continued closely within the zone, remaining there until the following year, when Pershing was assigned to a new and more important field of duty and the territory of Mexico was evacuated by American