shrewdness and skill were such that even his pursuers admired them.

In the autumn of 1877 Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés were in the mountains of northern Montana, and here they were confronted by Miles at the head of another body of regulars. Once more the wily chief evaded his enemies, and crossed the Missouri near its junction with the Mussel Shell. But this game of flight could not be kept up unceasingly. At length Howard and Miles brought the Indians to bay in the Bear Paw Mountains, and a battle ensued in which the Nez Percés fought bravely but were defeated. Joseph now saw that his case was hopeless. He walked with dignity to where General Howard was sitting on his horse and handed him his rifle. Then pointing to the sun, he said, "From where the sun is in yonder heavens I fight the white man no more." His captors admired the brave chief, who had shown such rare skill and had restrained his tribe from the usual Indian cruelties. Howard promised to be his friend, and secured him and his band so favorable a location that they were quite satisfied and remained afterwards quiet and peaceable. Miles was next engaged in the pursuit of an insurgent party of Bannocks, whom he captured in 1878 near Yellowstone Park and forced to remain on their reservation. In 1886 the chief Indian trouble was in the Southwest, where Geronimo, the ferocious Apache chief, had taken to the war-path, with General Crook on his track. After the alert chief had been taken and had escaped again, Crook asked to be relieved and Miles was put in his place. The new commander saw that there was but one way to deal with such a man. He must be run down and captured, if it took months or years. There could be no safety

for the whites while this hostile and ferocious band was at liberty. The work to be done needed a small party of select men and a capable leader, and the final work of running down the chief was given to Lawton, a man who had all the endurance of those he pursued. In our sketch of General Lawton we have told the story of his remarkable exploit.

For the service rendered by General Miles, in relieving them from the horrors often perpetrated by the terrible Apaches and other tribes, the legislatures of Kansas, Montana, Arizona and New Mexico gave him votes of thanks and Arizona presented him with a sword of honor. His latest warlike service against the Indians was in 1890-91, when he suppressed an outbreak of the Sioux and Cheyennes. In 1894 he was sent with troops to put down the railroad riot at Chicago, interference with the mails inducing President Cleveland to employ United States troops for this purpose. It was the only time in our history in which the regular army has been used to suppress a strike.

During the years from 1880 to 1897 General Miles was successively in command of the departments of the Columbia, Missouri, Arizona, and the Pacific. In the latter year he visited England as the representative of the United States at the magnificent jubilee celebration of Queen Victoria's sixtieth year on the throne, and during the same year visited the scene of the war then waging between Greece and Turkey. He went there as a skilled military observer and as commanderin-chief of the army of the United States, which rank he had held since the retirement of General Schofield in 1895.

In the war with Spain in 1898, Miles, though in command of the army, had his movements and powers

hampered by hostile feeling in the war department. He mobilized a regular army of twenty-five thousand men and organized for service a volunteer force of over two hundred thousand, but he was not sent to Cuba until after the fighting was at an end. He arrived there on July 11 with an expert force he had organized, but found little to do besides accepting the surrender of the Santiago garrison. That he might not take from General Shafter the honor of receiving the formal surrender, he generously left before it took place, and on the 18th set sail for Porto Rico, the invasion of which he had taken into his own hands.

He had with him thirty-three hundred men against a Spanish force of about seventeen thousand. But he was so rapid in his movements and skilled in his dispositions that by August 13 his little army had gained favorable positions in all quarters of the island. Up to this date there had been little more than skirmishes, but on that day General Brooke was on the point of attacking a strong Spanish position on the road to Cayey. All was ready for what might have proved a sanguinary battle, when Lieutenant McLaughlin, riding up to the battery that was about to fire on the Spanish works, called out, "Cease action!"

"Why?" he was asked.

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Because the war is over. A peace protocol was signed at Washington yesterday and our work here is at an end."

That closed the war record of General Miles, which had continued with little intermission for nearly forty years. In January, 1900, a special honor was done him, the grade of lieutenant-general, which had been permitted to lapse, being revived in his honor. On February 2, 1901, when the army was reorganized, Presi

dent McKinley appointed him especially to that grade. He visited the Philippines on a tour of inspection in 1902, and withdrew from active service August 8, 1903, having attained the legal age of retirement.

General Miles has received college honors not usually confered upon military men, Harvard University giving him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1896 and Brown University in 1901. He is the author of a number of works devoted to military topics.

GENERALS WOOD AND FUNSTON IN

THE WAR WITH SPAIN

SANTIAGO and other enemy outposts of the Spanish war were breeding-grounds for heroes of the type that prefer glory to safety. To the two named in the above title might be added others of note. Of Colonel Roosevelt, who had at Santiago his one feast. of warfare, and enjoyed it hugely, we have spoken in another volume of this series. Of two others who may specially be named, General Henry W. Lawton, who fought also in the Philippines and was killed in battle near Manila, and Joseph Wheeler, a Confederate cavalry general of the Civil War, who also served at Manila, and who died in 1906, we have already written. A brief story of two of their fighting comrades comes here in place.

Leonard Wood and Frederick Funston may be spoken of as infants of the Civil War period, Wood being born in 1860 and Funston in 1865, the latter the son of an artillery officer in the Federal army, and therefore born to the game which he was to play so bravely and boldly in later years. Wood's original destination was to cure rather than to kill, the art of medicine being his study, and his field of graduation the Harvard Medical School. But he quickly drifted into the army, the scope of activity to which nature had apparently adapted him. At the age of twenty-five he entered upon his connection with the army as a contract surgeon and in the following year he took part in Lawton's campaign against the Apaches under Geronimo, the most blood-thirsty