him in his front, drawn up in a battle-line. Before he could charge the white flag was displayed and the war in Virginia was at an end.

The remainder of Sheridan's career must be briefly dealt with. After the surrender of Lee and Johnston he was sent to Texas, where Kirby Smith was keeping up a show of resistance. When Smith surrendered Sheridan was given command of the military division. of the Gulf, with instructions to watch the war between the Mexicans and the emperor whom Napoleon III. had imposed upon them. The show of hostility he made had much to do with bringing that disgraceful affair to an end. Napoleon had no fancy for putting his troops against Sheridan's veterans.

Obeying Congress, instead of President Johnson, during the reconstruction troubles at New Orleans, he was removed and sent to Leavenworth, where he put down with a heavy hand the Indian troubles of that time. When Grant was inaugurated President in 1869 Sheridan was rewarded for his services with the title of lieutenant-general, and in 1883 he succeeded Sherman in the rank of general of the army. He had married in 1874 and he died August 5, 1888, his body being interred in the National Cemetery at Charleston.

We have given Grant's estimate of Sheridan as a soldier. No man in the army was more daring and self-reliant than he, and none could inspire his men with a greater enthusiasm. Yet he was as cautious as he was enterprising, always looking out for emergencies and never fighting without providing for a possible retreat. Throughout his career, and especially in the Shenandoah Valley, he showed that he was a soldier of the highest grade.

JAMES E. B. STUART, THE RUPERT OF

THE SOUTH

A HERO of romance to the South was its dashing and brilliant cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart, the thunderbolt of Lee's army, the foremost cavalry knight in either army until Sheridan came north to contest with him the palm for dash and daring. The novelty, boldness, and rapidity of his movements, their energy and headlong courage, with the success that generally attended them, brought him hosts of admirers, who regarded him as their Prince Rupert of the South. His story is one illumined with dashing enterprises and romantic episodes, ended by death in action in the height of his career.

James Ewell Brown Stuart, born in Patrick County, Virginia, February 6, 1833, was the son and grandson of soldiers, his grandfather having served in the Revolution, his father in the War of 1812. He followed in their steps, studying the military art at West Point, where he graduated in 1854. The following years of his life were active ones, first against the Apaches in Texas as second lieutenant of the regiment of mounted riflemen in that State, next in Kansas during the border troubles there, and afterwards in Indian warfare, during which he was in a fight with the Cheyennes on Solomon River. He went as an aide with Robert E. Lee to Harper's Ferry to put down the John Brown insurrection, identifying its leader as Ossawatomie Brown," whom he had known in Kansas. He was in Virginia on leave of absence when that

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State seceded from the Union, and at once resigned from the army and joined the Confederate forces.

Such, briefly stated, was Stuart's career prior to the Civil War, in which he was to distinguish himself as a great cavalry soldier. He had been first lieutenant in the United States army, but was now appointed lieutenant-colonel, in July was made colonel, and in September, in recognition of his excellent services, was commissioned brigadier-general. These services were the following: When General Joe Johnston marched from Winchester to the field of Bull Run, Stuart screened his movement from General Patterson by active demonstrations in his front. Then speeding to the battle-field, he was of much aid to Stonewall Jackson and helped greatly in winning victory for the Confederate forces.

His most brilliant exploit in the early era of the war was in June, 1862, when McClellan's army lay before Richmond and Lee was planning his memorable attack upon it. Stuart was directed to make a raid around the rear of the Union army, doing all the damage he could and locating the position of its left wing. This was a commission in his true vein, a chance for one of those bold, free, adventurous rides, full of the spice of danger, in which his soul delighted.

He sallied forth from Richmond on the 12th at the head of fifteen hundred horsemen and four pieces of horse artillery, and soon was riding with free rein northward and westward, cutting loose from all communications and dashing into a field of danger. At Hanover Old Church he met and dispersed two squadrons of Union cavalry, and swept on to Garlick's Landing, on the Pamunky River, where he seized and burned fourteen wagons and two schooners laden with forage.

A considerable number of prisoners, with mules and horses, were here seized, and a large amount of stores was destroyed at Tunstall's station, near the White House, McClellan's base of supplies.

This daring raid lasted three days, during which Stuart rode entirely around the army of the Potomac, and then crossed the Chickahominy on a ruined bridge and leisurely returned up the James River to Richmond, with McClellan's forces on one side and the Union gunboats on the other. He had lost only one man and brought back highly useful information. This was the first of those spectacular cavalry raids of which there were many later in the war. His brilliant exploit, and his services in the Seven Days' fight that ensued, brought Stuart, though not yet thirty years old, the rank of major-general.

Stuart's second opportunity to distinguish himself came in the northward march of Jackson and Longstreet against General John Pope, and the terrible second Bull Run battle. After a sharp cavalry fight at Brandy Station on August 20, in which he drove Bayard's horsemen across the Rappahannock, he crossed that stream on the 22d, rode round Pope's rear to Cattell Station, and captured there his despatch-book and baggage and several officers of his staff. A portion of the stores there were fired, but the heavy rain saved them from serious damage. Fifteen hundred infantry and five companies of cavalry were guarding these stores and the disgrace of the raid was considered more serious than the damage done by it.

On the 26th he led in a raid with more important results, the expedition comprising a strong force of cavalry and infantry. A midnight attack was made on the post at Manassas Junction, which was taken by

surprise, and seven hundred prisoners captured. The spoils included quantities of railroad property and a vast amount of stores, of various kinds. Stonewall Jackson followed him and took possession of Manassas, and on evacuating it shortly afterwards he destroyed all the stores that could not be taken off.

Meanwhile Stuart was busy in other work, guiding Longstreet northward to a junction with Jackson, who for a day had been fighting furiously with Pope. This reinforcement brought complete victory to the Confederates, Pope being driven from the field and forced to fall back on Washington. In this great battle, in which the Union army suffered one of its most serious repulses, Stuart rendered most effective aid and added greatly to his reputation as a skilled and daring cavalry leader. In Lee's subsequent invasion of Maryland he was actively engaged at South Mountain and Antietam, and this was followed in early October by the most adventurous and daring raid in his career, the invasion of Pennsylvania and capture of Chambersburg.

After the battle of Antietam, Lee retreated into Virginia and McClellan lay lingering on the Potomac in his usual deliberate way. Both armies were enjoying a season of rest and recuperation, which no doubt both needed. In the fine days of October the cavalry of Lee's army lay near Charlestown, about ten miles south of Harper's Ferry, Stuart's head-quarters being in a fine old mansion known as the Bower," whose hospitable proprietor was making life very pleasant to the war-wearied officers of the staff.

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But this agreeable ease was not to." Jeb" Stuart's taste. He felt that something should be doing to demonstrate that the chevaliers of Virginia had not