the family remains separate, the base of teed by systematic organization for a limited society. number of patrons. These kitchens should be numerous enough to employ about 8 per cent. of our population, and not 50 per cent., as at present engaged. Rentals would not be high, and patronage would be certain and limited. Table d'hôte menus, including specialties for children, invalids, particular tastes, etc., based on scientific knowledge, could be offered, and all the trouble of “ordering" eliminated. In cities deliveries would be by dumb-waiter to the pantry or dining-room; in the country by overheadtrolley service to the door,-similar to the parcel delivery in our great stores. In a country place twenty families within a radius of one mile could be supplied by three cooks. What is needed is not convocations of discouraged families, but capable persons, skilled and trained, to do well and cheaply what is now done so ill and so expensively. Approximating that 100 families pay each $10 weekly for cooking service, or $1000 in the aggregate, for about 500 persons, she reasons that fifteen cooks could do the work well and easily. These might consist of a chef at $60 a week, two assistants at $40 each, two others at $30, and ten cooks at $20 Summer resorts and summer schools are each, or $400 for the lot,-a saving of 60 the two immediate opportunities to test this per cent. in wages, and a raising in the plan; while in cities, apartment houses built standard of cooking at the same time. The for this purpose would serve. Economy kitchen must go, in order to bring about would follow from the purchase of food in such an undertaking, and "distributing quantity, and the quality would improve likekitchens" be organized to supply the private wise. Similar projects for laundry and dining-room, which must remain. The es- housecleaning could be started, to make sence of the change would be in the purchase housework a particular social function, leavof cooked foods instead of raw materials. ing the private family in the private home, The quality of service would be guaran- where it belongs. THE WASTE OF CHILDREN. man's former ignorance been more lamentable in its consequences than in that of rearing children,-the future parents of the race." Two centuries ago the percentage of deaths among infants under five years was everywhere measurably greater than it is to-day. It is generally assumed that having reached that age there is a strong proba- As late as 1761, 50 per cent. of London's bility that a child will reach adolescence, and, population perished before reaching the age after that, manhood. It is now more defi- of twenty. To-day half the people of Engnitely established than ever that most chil- land do not die until after the fifty-fourth dren enter life with an endowment of native year has been reached, and the death-rate for vitality sufficient to weather the ordinary children under one year of age had fallen in conditions of adversity. Deaths after the 1903 to the creditable figure of 144 per first few months are largely due to postnatal 1000 births for seventy-six towns. In influences and to social and economic en- Prussia, from 1751-60 only 312 out of every vironment from which the infant has no 1000 survived to the age of ten, but from appeal. 1861-70, 633 individuals were saved out of Writing on this subject, in the Popular every 1000,-a promising decline. In France Science Monthly for June, Dr. George B. during the first seven years of the last cenMangold, of the University of Pennsylvania, tury the number of males reaching an age says that, according to an eminent authority sufficient to subject them to conscription was on vital statistics, the annual unnecessary only 45 per cent. of the total born, yet by deaths of infants in England during the 1825 it had risen to 61 per cent.,decade 1851-60 numbered more than 64,000. ful gain. In Russia during the same period This leads him to remark: "Probably only one-third of the peasantry reached main no other field of human activity has turity, and as few as 36 per cent. reached the —a health age of twenty years. Science has since improved this cutlook. numerous Southern cities the death-rate is almost criminal; while in a single city,Boston, in one district, the Back Bay, it is only 94.4 per 1000, against 252.1 for poorer districts. Buffalo, Rochester, Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, Newark, and Jersey City have made notable progress in saving infant increased watchfulness against contagious diseases have contributed to this greatly desired end. Great economic and social changes have led to this betterment, and therein has America made much progress. Before 1850, 27 per cent. of New York's infants died before reaching the age of one, and 20 per cent. of Boston's. The statistics of the twelfth cen- life. Better milk inspection, vaccination, and sus furnish a glowing optimism. The deathrate for infants fell from 205 per 1000 in 1890 to 165 in 1900. Favorable environment has had much to do with this decline, Among colored infants an investigation and the comparative influence of rural life showed a rural death-rate of 218.9 and a city over urban life is shown by the figures: 116 rate of 387. In Charleston it was 419 per deaths per 1000 infants in rural districts, 1000, and generally in Southern cities more against 180 in the cities in 1900. In Ger- than 300. This, he claims, is barbarism, and many rural infantile deaths are enormous, calls for serious changes in our methods and surpassing our American cities, which, the policies. An infant death-rate of 307 per 1000 writer states, "indicates a social lethargy and backward condition among the agricultural population." In England the rural rate is generally below that of the cities, and the death-rate of sons of peers under six years of age is less than one-third of that among the rest of the population. for the Philippines for 1903 is an evidence of an inferior and brutal civilization. Lowering the death-rate rather than increasing the birth-rate is a physiological advantage which enlightened civilization should follow. Social reform, good environments, sanitary measures, milk inspection, and advancing intelligence will do much to still further decrease infant mortality. "When the best of society's efforts in this direction," says he, "have been realized, then a solid basis for subsequent reasoning concerning the probable future of our race will have been estab Massachusetts statistics for 1881-90 showed average variations in cities from 111 to 239, the former a residential town, the latter an industrial center. For cities of considerable size the lowest rates are recorded for Seattle, St. Paul, and Minneapolis. The rates are about 100 per 1000 births. In lished." THE BATTLE OF FATHERS AND SONS IN GERMANY. STUDENTS of history, as well as lovers of what is great in literature, agree in assigning a very high place to Turgenev's masterly psychological analysis, "Fathers and Sons." Its theme, the discord between the young and the old, the present and the past, or passing,-generation, forms also the text for a keen analytical study of presentday Germany, contributed to the Deutsche Rundschau, under the same title, by Dr. Friedrich Paulsen, the celebrated philosophical writer, now professor of philosophy and pedagogics at the University of Berlin. The fact, remarks the professor, is not new. It is a well-known phenomenon., What makes it noteworthy just now is its intensity, its poignancy. Never before has the tension, -in politics, in the church, in the school, in the home, been so great. This is made evident by the way the literature of the present teems with the subject, the preference, of course, being given to the young. There is no more popular theme in Germany to-day for drama, novel, journal, and so on; than the oppression of high-souled youths and maidens by narrow-minded parents, and the curbing and tormenting of aspiring young men by pedantic, overbearing instructors, blind followers of the old order. At educational conventions the terrors of such regimen are warmly descanted upon. Any one acquainted with German merely through its literature must conclude that there never has been an age when youth was so mercilessly treated. The professor goes on to explain the causes of this acute state of feeling: the old absolutist order of things, the blind submission to authority in church, school, society, is changing to something freer, more enlightened, but the people have not as yet adjusted themselves to the new conditions; hence the jar and the strain. But he feels confident that a normal, harmonious relation of the two generations is bound to follow, and, therefore, looks hopefully into the future. Everywhere in the schools of Germany efforts are being made to diminish school burdens, shorter hours, longer vacations, easier examinations, less home-tasks, attention to athletics; everywhere improved methods are sought, increasing the teacher's labor, but facilitating that of the student. Differentiation of treatment of pupils, to accord with their varied inclinations and endowments, is made incumbent upon teachers everywhere, and is often gladly followed. And with home-training it is the same,—it has certainly not grown more severe in the last fifty years. On the contrary, too great leniency has not rarely replaced positive demands and action on the part of the elders; while, indeed, one might easily complain that a careless, defiant attitude of youth to age has grown more common. The young are conscious that they are backed by the press, literature, public opinion. Thus, where the advocates of the young see only victims of cruel discipline and pedantic educational artifices, the writer sees on the other side parents and teachers wounded to the quick, harassed to death by insolence, by heedless, selfish, inconsiderate conduct. Both sides, then, might in dulge in recriminations, but it is youth that makes itself heard, for the old are wont to bear such griefs in silence. To characterize the situation in a word: the dissolution of the old submission to authority in every phase of life has thus far found no firm substitute in a voluntary self-control so essential to the general welfare. This applies to public as well as private life: the old forms have grown shaky, the new ones are not yet fixed. In public matters the last century is unquestionably characterized by the weakening of authority in every sphere, and by the advance of a leveling, democratic tendency. Nowhere is this more evident than in religious concerns. A hundred years ago the great mass of the German people still had faith and obeyed the church; to-day their alienation is complete; they proudly take their stand upon reason and the science which in their view has definitively put an end to belief. It is much the same with the bulk of the educated, at any rate, their religion, if they have any, is anticlerical. The great reaction in favor of literal belief in the middle of last century resulted in divorcing the Protestant church, also, from culture and science. Thus the church has completely forfeited its inner power, while its outward strength is steadily waning through the progressive secularizing of the state. The remnant of dominion which it still exercises in the sphere of education serves A like condition exists in state and social concerns. In the state, in place of the respect for authority which prevailed a hundred years ago, the custom has grown of criticising and ridiculing the government. A thousand journals furnish their readers a daily pabulum of such matter. The old magisterial government is no more, but neither is the new order of self-government established; hence the dissonance here also. This is inevitable, since historical and political conditions do not permit Germany to assume either an absolutist or a republican-parliamentary form of government; it explains, however, why in state matters, too, there is a widespread sentiment in opposition to authority. In the social order as well the subjection to authority has vanished; in place of master and vassal we have the employer and employee. But in this sphere, likewise, remains of the old conditions crop up everywhere, hindering the adoption of the new footing of equality; the attempts to maintain the old privileges of authority excite everywhere that spirit of opposition and revolution which stamps all German social life. Professor Paulsen does not blame the youth of his land; they assume the color of their time and surroundings. "They rarely hear the tone of reverence; passionate, malicious, supercilious criticism is what strikes their ear on every hand,—at home, in the press, in literature,-who still entertains respect for anything? Nay, who would in our day not be ashamed to still feel respect for anything?" It may be that in education, as is the case in politics, society, the church,-more of the absolutist system has remained than is consonant with the modern spirit. Evidences of this are found in the school and the home,— particularly the school. The school-board member treats the teacher,in accordance with the military regimen,- as an authoritative master, not as a friendly counsellor, and this system, naturally enough, is transferred to the relation between teacher and student. That the evils of this method are being recognized is evidenced by the efforts to give the higher institutions of learning a freer development, to change the attitude of teacher to scholar, to make of the latter a more independent worker. THE SENDING PICTURES BY TELEGRAPH. as yet somewhat mysterious art of telegraphotography, or transmitting photographs over the telegraph wire, is described by its inventor, Prof. Arthur Korn, of the University of Munich, in a recent number of the French monthly, Je Sais Tout. In the first place, says Professor Korn: Telegraphotography rests wholly on the strange peculiarity of a body or substance called sélénium, which peculiarity was discovered by chance during some experiments made by an English engineer (Willoughby Smith) in 1873. Mr. Smith was experimenting for the construction of a submarine telegraph cable. At a given moment he had need of a substance opposing great resistance to the passage of electric currents, and he fixed his choice upon a metal whose resistance (compared with copper, silver, iron, etc.), he knew to be enormous. He chose sélénium, but, as it turned out, he could not have made a worse choice, and it was not long before he found it out. For such purpose sélénium is the most whimsical and inconstant instrument in the world. It gave Mr. Smith one result in the daytime and another and opposite result in the night. While they were working over their experiments, suddenly and very unexpectedly Mr. May, Mr. Smith's assistant, discovered that sélénium varies as it is subjected to light (by the amount of light, more or less). We cannot explain this phenomenon; we leave that explanation, as we are forced to leave it, to the future. The experimental fact is that in full light sélénium is, relatively, a good conductor; and that its power of resistance is much greater in the dark; and that for that reason it is much less of a conductor in the dark,-to speak technically its conductibility is less in the dark than in the light. Naturally enough, the fancy of inventors was excited by the discovery of sélénium's sensibility to light (or to lack of light). It was seen at once that it might be possible to complete the telephone by an apparatus showing to the man talking into the telephone the person at a possibly great distance to whom he is talking, the only thing needed to make it possible for the speaker to see his interlocutor being a small plate of sélénium. As to the actual process, Professor Korn PROF. ARTHUR KORN AND HIS NEW INVENTION. are in our way to obtaining perfect transmission. The first obstacle is the impossibility of obtaining absolutely simultaneous action, and the second is the impossibility of exactly regulating the intensity of the luminous ray by means of currents of variable strength sent from the transmitter. It is practically impossible to find an instrument sensitive enough, and at the same time rapid enough, to seize and to follow the movement. "This is why all our researches concerning television have been fruitless." Following is Professor Korn's description of his own apparatus: The photograph for transmission must be a transparent pellicle. The transparent pellicle is rolled on a glass cylinder enclosed in a camera obscura, or "dark chamber," where it is displaced by two simultaneous movements, one movement being a rotation around its axis, the other a translation along the length of the axis (as a hollow screw or a screw-nut runs on the screw-stud). The regular, uniform motion is made to impress the cylinder by the impulsion of a little electric motor whose speed is controlled by means of an attachment which adheres to the motor,-the attachment is a sort of meter or gauge which registers the rotations of the cylinder. The cylinder is made to present each one of its points, and, consequently, all the points of the photographic pellicle rolled light, the light entering the camera obscura on the cylinder are subjected to the action of the through a little window made in order to let in the light. This light crosses the photographic film in greater or less quantity, according to the degree of transparency of the parts that it touches. In the interior of the camera obscura there is a prism; the light strikes that prism; the prism reflects it totally on a cell of sélénium just below it. The sides of the cell are very thin and the surface of the cell is very spacious, and so the light projected upon it is widely spread. The cell resists the electric current much less than the plaque resists it, although both cell and plaque are of the same metaloid: sélénium. The sélénium cell is traversed by the current from a battery of accumulators. The intensity of the current varies according to the amount of light that falls on the metaloid. The current, which is modified by the length of the wires, is transmitted to the receiver, wherever that may have been set up. The consequences of this invention will be numerous and important. Telegraphotography will be to illustrated journals what the telephone and the telegraph are to journals. in general. When methods are a little more rapid it will be possible to give photographs of what passed last night at the Antipodes. By illustrating his reports the journalist will make his work more striking and more comprehensible; gradually all the journals will be transformed and there will be nothing but illustrated dailies. The criminal police will apply telegraphotography to their work, and, probably, fewer assassins will go free. The police of places where a murder has just been committed will telegraph the photographs of the supposed murderer as he looked with or without a beard, and as a disguise would make him look. And just so, enterprising journalists can present prominent public men, bearded or beardless. Police are keen in a scent, and a criminal will be at a disadvantage; he will run away by train or by boat, while his photograph will go by telegraph, and be waiting to catch him as he arrives. The innocent man accused of crime can prove by his friends that he is innocent, and so regain his liberty days, perhaps weeks, sooner than he could have done before the discovery of telegraphotography. If accompanied by the seal of a notary the telegraphically transmitted photographic signature will be valuable. In case of an innovation permitting such practice, the laws of the different countries will have to be modified. "THE ONLY REALLY GREAT SCIENTIFIC MAN OF PORTUGAL." HE E is an archæologist and has spent most country. The two scholarly Portuguese pubof his life studying the antiquities of lications, Os Religiões da Lusitania and O Portugal and of the Balearic Islands, par- Archaeologo Portugues, declare that Senter ticularly Minorca. A recent issue of the da Vasconcellos is the most eminent of living Illustración Española y Americana (Madrid) archæologists. contains an article on the primitive monuments of Minorca, by Señor Francisco Hernández Sanz, correspondent of the Spanish Royal Academy. In this article a warm tribute is paid to the aforesaid leading Portuguese scientist, Senhor Juan Leite da Vasconcellos. This student is unknown to the world at large, particularly the Englishspeaking world, but is a great man in his own Personally, he is a short, square man of quiet manner and retiring life, of deep penetration and vast scientific learning, who has to be diligently sought after to be found. Indeed, he spends most of his time, except when some flying trip has to be taken to a library or some investigation verified, in the Archæological Museum at Belem, just outside Lisbon, where he is deeply engrossed in the classifications going on of Algave and Alemtejo antiquities. So student-like is his existence that many of his countrymen have never |