OFFICERS OF THE SECOND RUSSIAN DUMA, DISSOLVED ON JUNE 16. [The figures in this group, reading from left to right, are: (1) Dr. Leo Kartashov, Assistant Secretary (Laborite); (2) Nicholas Poznanski, First VicePresident (Independent Democrat); (3) Michael Tchelnoxov, Secretary (Constitutional Democrat); (4) Theodore Golovin, President (Constitutional Democrat); (5) Head of V. Sviatlovsky, President of the Association of Russian Newspaper Correspondents; (6) Sadtretdin Maxoodov, Assistant Secretary (Progressive Mussulman party); (7) Michael Berezin, Second Vice-President (Laborite); (8) Sergius Saltysov, Assistant Secretary (Social Democrat); (9) Dr. Victor Oospensky, Assistant Secretary (Revolutionary Socialist); (10) Bolquadze, Secretary of the Association of Russian Newspaper Correspondents.] REVIEW OF REVIEWS VOL. XXXVI. NEW YORK, JULY, 1907. No. 1 The Economic THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. In a season that is comparatively opportunity be better assured. In our own Motive free from catastrophes of war, and country, the great populist and free-silver Everywhere. the more profound disturbances movements of a decade ago were simply the that from time to time affect mankind, there organized expression of men's discontent with are nevertheless many lesser indications of their situation in life. They sought to bring strife and unrest. In order to understand about a better adjustment of relations bethese aright, it is worth while to ask if there tween creditors and debtors, between capital are not some underlying causes of a common and labor, between the great corporations and nature. We are living in a business age, un- private individuals. The present great moveder general conditions that are rapidly chang- ment in this country for regulating the railing in almost every part of the world. The roads and the public-service companies that plain people of all countries, considered in control street transit and other facilities of the mass, are no longer content merely to a monopolistic nature owes its strength to toil and exist. They wish to improve their the widespread determination of the people lot, and they are determined to have a larger to get for themselves as much benefit as share in the good things of this life. Science possible out of the agencies of civilization. and invention have brought about a stupendous increase in the production of wealth, Since the desire for the things and the average man everywhere is struggling that belong to a better standard for a better distribution. To that end he of living and a more agreeable seeks a firmer grasp upon the agencies of condition of life is not only general but very government, in order that unfair handicaps intense, there must inevitably follow a good may be removed, and freedom of economic, The deal of clash and strife. It is difficult to hold men, under these circumstances, to rules of moderation. Capital combines; becomes greedy; abuses its opportunities. Its excesses provoke reaction. Labor organization, on its side, becomes exacting, tyrannical, and desperate in its methods. Even in well-regulated communities it is hard to maintain the supremacy of law and a just balance between contending forces in such periods as this present era of economic and social change. And if it is hard to hold law and government firm in their place and function in orderly communities like Massachusetts, it is not strange that excesses should occur and that public order should suffer in communities not so well established. The struggle between capital and labor in the Far West has gone forward under conditions which have not found the agencies of public authority strong enough to hold firm sway. The murder trials now in progress at Boise FAIR PLAY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT FOR CAPITAL AS WELL AS LABOR. From the Blade (Toledo) THE OFFICERS OF WESTERN FEDERATION OF MINERS ON TRIAL IN IDAHO. City, Idaho, whatever may be their outcome, throw light upon the dangers that society must encounter in new and sparsely settled countries, where the strife between capital and labor becomes intense, and where each side takes the law into its own hands and strives for victory regardless of methods. ALFRED HORSLEY (HARRY ORCHARD). (Whose confession and testimony last month astonished the world.) The Idaho Trial. The confession of Orchard is an amazing story of crimes committed on behalf of the Western Federation of Miners against the mine-owning employers, and against the public authorities where they were regarded as favorable to capital. It is not for us at this stage of the great contest before the judge and jury to express any opinion upon the truthfulness of testimony. But no one will deny the notorious fact of long-continued turbulence throughout the mining camps of the Rocky Mountain States, and of intense strife carried on in a high-handed spirit on both sides. The thing to be desired is justice and fair play, with much freedom of opportunity for both capital and labor under the guaranty and protection of laws, executive officers, and judges that will do their duty fearlessly and faithfully. It is fortunate that conditions in our Western States are upon the whole gradually improving. The process is a painful one, but things are moving in the right direction. Every time some acute phase of the endless struggle for economic advantage can be met and passed in a spirit of reasonableness and compromise there is much gain. methods of conciliation or arbitration rather than to strike or to fight. But the peaceful way of settling differences is much better for everybody concerned. The movement for better economic conditions may be a little retarded sometimes, but its average advance cannot be checked. Labor will be better off, therefore, to join hands with capital in securing the largest possible production, using all due vigilance and intelligence to improve conditions from time to time. In a period of readjustment like this, it is a hopeful sign to find masters of industry and capital standing up with clear vision and right sympathy for the best possible treatment of wage-earners and of the public. It is not less a hopeful thing to find trusted leaders of the people who will never countenance confiscation and who will protect the rights of capital as earnestly as the rights of labor. A Veto by For example, Governor Hughes, sition that no one will question JUDGE FREMONT WOOD, OF THE UNITED STATES or assail as a champion of the rights of the people. His position in that regard will be stronger rather than weaker by reason of his notable action last month in vetoing the bill that had passed the New York Legislature fixing 2 cents a mile as the maximum passenger rate on railroads in that State. We shall in subsequent paragraphs refer DISTRICT COURT. (Who is trying the Idaho cases.) again to the bill itself and to the activities of Governor Hughes and the New York Legislature. The point we wish to emphasize just here is the value on the part of a high official of the quality of fairmindedness. THE LAWYERS FOR THE DEFENSE IN THE IDAHO CASES. Reading from left to right: Edgar Wilson, Boise; Leon Whitsell, Wallace; Jno. F. Nugent, Boise; Fred. Miller, Spokane; Clarence S. Darrow, Chicago; Edmund F. Richardson, Denver. Governor Hughes had been largely responsible for the Public Utilities act, which was strongly opposed by the railroads and the franchise-holding corporations. It was quite commonly assumed that he would sign the 2-cent-fare bill as in line with his general attitude toward railroads and corporations. But in his message vetoing the bill he showed a well-nigh perfect poise of temper, as well as lucidity of mind. J. H. Hawley. IN THE IDAHO CASES. of the New Haven road, who now comes into control of the entire network of New England transportation lines, repudiates altogether the old methods of corporation politics. He has frankly discussed the merger with Governor Guild and committees of the Massachusetts Legislature, and the public that is dependent upon the railroads concerned is not left in any mystery as to what is going on. A few years ago a merger of this kind would have been attended by a New England, meanwhile, has rearrangement of securities, with large issues England been much interested in the ac- of stock representing no new capital, and quisition of the Boston & Maine with bonds floated for the personal benefit railway system by the New York, New of a ring of insiders. In short, the sort of Haven & Hartford system. Our readers will financing that was practiced a few years ago remember that the last campaign in New in connection with a change in control of Hampshire turned upon the activity of the Boston & Maine railroad in the politics of that State. It is a striking evidence of a better order of things that President Mellen, A New Instance. the Alton road, and that has been exemplified in a large number of even more flagrant instances, is what would have happened in connection with the transfer of the Boston |