Montpelier (mont-pe'li-er), is the capital of Vermont. It is on the Onion river, 206 miles from Boston. It is built on a plain, surrounded by hills. It has a granite state house, with a statue of Ethan Allen, a Vermont Seminary, a Methodist institution, and several mills, machine shops, and tanneries. Population, 4,200. MOODY The precipice 250 feet high, and 50 feet | Gill University, the Seminary of St. wide. There is a set of natural steps Sulpice, Presbyterian, Congregational above the falls worn by the water, and and Methodist colleges provide for at the foot of the falls an ice mountain, higher education. There are musical, sometimes 200 feet high, is formed every art and historical associations. winter. It is a place of resort for tour- city has an enormous commerce. Its ists. canals enable it to trade with Duluth and Fort William on Lake Superior, Chicago and Milwaukee on Lake Michigan, Buffalo and Cleveland on Lake Erie, and Oswego on Lake Ontario, while 1,500 miles of the St. Lawrence adds to its water routes. It has large establishments engaged in boot and shoe making, clothing and tobacco manufactures, and breweries, cotton mills and sawmills. Montreal was founded by the French in May, 1642. Its early history was one of constant Indian wars, it being almost destroyed by them in 1660. In 1760 the French surrendered it to the British. During the revolutionary war, it was occupied by American troops, who were driven out in 1777. Since that time the history of Montreal has been one of peace and prosperity. Population, 156,600. Montpellier (mon-pel' - le-a), a French city, 76 miles northwest of Marseilles, and six miles from the Mediterranean. The chief modern buildings are the theater and law courts, and there are two great terraces used as promenades, with fine views of the Mediterranean, the Cevennes, Pyrenees and Alps. Its great industry, the production of wine, suffered by the phylloxera, a minute insect that attacked the vines and almost destroyed the vineyards, but the cure effected by grafting the vines upon American stocks was first tried here. There is a flourishing school of agriculture devoted to the study of wine and silk culture. Montpellier is more celebrated, however, as an ancient city, belonging to Aragon, or Navarre, before it finally became a French city, 1392. Its university (1289), with schools of law, medicine and arts, rivaled that of Paris. Petrarch, Rabelais and Casaubon, were pupils or teachers in its halls. A famous botanic garden, the oldest in France, was started in 1593, where De Jussien and De Candolle, the well-known French botanists, studied and wrote. The university has passed its six hundredth anniversary and is in full working order. Population, 53,506. Montreal, the largest city of Canada, is built on an island made by the union of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. The city is four miles long and two wide. Its churches and schools are numerous, and some of them have very fine buildings. The Church of St. Peter's is like that at Rome on a smaller scale; that of Notre Dame holds 10,000 people, and Christ church, Episcopal, has a tower 224 feet high. The large majority of schools are Catholic; the taxes paid by Catholics go to the Catholic schools, and that paid by Protestants to the Protestant schools. Mc Moody, DWIGHT LYMAN, was born at Northfield, Massachusetts, Feb. 5, 1837. In early boyhood he was thrown, with several other young children, upon the care of his widowed mother. At 17 he began a business career in Boston, where he attended Sunday school and soon became an earnest Christian convert. A young man of great enthusiasm and energy, he at once took hold of Christian work. Wishing to strike out a new path for himself, he went to Chicago. Here a tireless worker both in the store and the church, he settled down to the work of a "Sunday school scout," perhaps the roughest of all Christian service-the hunting up of ragged children in the worst parts of the city and winning them to school, and to a good life. Soon a deserted saloon was hired for a Sunday school, which Moody built into a great mission. The breaking out of the war in 1861 gave the evangelist a chance of doing great good, which was improved to the utmost. Backed by 150 ministers and laymen he carried on a great revival among the soldiers at the recruiting camp near Chicago. Soon a call came from the field in the interest of the sick and wounded. Back and forth between Chicago and the various camps and battlefields Moody toiled and traveled; he was on the field after the battles of Shiloh and Murfreesboro, and was one of the first to enter Richmond. Moody's great work has been as an evangelist, but his many converts in Chicago, who had founded a church, forced him to become their pastor. But this charge could not keep him from carrying on those great revivals in all parts of the country which were so successful and which will always hold his name in remembrance. In 1870 and in 1883, with Ira David Sankey, he visited England, where his success was as great as it had been in America. Another great agency for good which we owe to Moody is the summer school for Bible study held at Northfield, where young Christian workers study the Bible under the teaching of the foremost preachers and professors of America and Europe. Connected with this school is the institute for the training of young men for this same work, which was founded from the proceeds of the sale of Moody and Sankey's Gospel Hymns, the most popular hymn book ever published. Many of Mr. Moody's fine and practical sermons have also been pubfished. See D. L. Moody and His Work, by Daniels. Moon, a heavenly body which revolves around the earth, called a satellite. It is the nearest to the earth of the heavenly bodies, and can be brought to within less than 150 miles by the large telescopes, so that it can be studied and its surface described by maps and photographs. It is a sphere 2,160 miles in diameter or across, and its surface covers 14,657,402 square miles. It travels 3,334 feet a second, and goes around the earth in about twenty-seven and a half days, though it takes it twenty-nine and a half days to overtake the sun, which has been moving more slowly in the same direction. The moon receives its light from the sun, and as it always turns the same side to the earth, it must turn over once on its axis in the same time that it goes around the earth. When we have a full moon it is exactly opposite the sun, with the earth between; when the moon is between the earth and the sun we see only the dark side of the moon and say "there is no moon;" the other changes, as the crescent, half-moon and gibbous, are made by our seeing more or less of the bright side of the moon. The eclipses of the moon are also the result of the position of the earth, moon and sun. The shadow of the earth when the earth is between the moon and the sun sometimes falls on the moon, and covers it, either wholly or in part. The MOON moon when observed through the telescope, shows no indication of the presence of either water or an atmosphere, though there may be a very thin atmosphere. There are mountain ranges, called Alps, Apennines and Cordilleras, etc., reaching 20,000 feet in height, dark plains, called by the Latin names for seas, gulfs, lakes and marshes, according to their size, and a large one called an ocean; a great number of craters, or circular holes, some 150 miles across, and with walls 18,000 feet high, and others of frightful depths; cracks or clefts in the rock called rills, passing through mountains and valleys sometimes for 300 miles; and broad, white rays, diverging from some of the large plains, sometimes from 10 to 20 miles broad and extending for 2,000 miles. There are seven of these systems of streaks. The mountain ranges are named for the mountains of the earth; the large craters after astronomers and philosophers, as Aristotle, Plato and Tycho; peaks and hills are indicated by Greek letters, and the smaller craters and pits by the Roman letters. There is thought to be no life on the moon either vegetable or animal. There is no satisfactory explanation of these peculiar appearances of the moon yet given, though by most astronomers it is thought to be due to volcanic action. Another theory attributes it to the action of intense cold, the craters being lakes, their vapors forming rings and mountains of ice. There have been many popular superstitions about the moon. In early ages it was an object of worship. Many things, such as planting, cutting trees, killing animals for food, gathering herbs, must be done at particular phases of the moon. Scotland, the waning moon had an evil influence, and the full or new moon gave good fortune. The new moon seen over the right shoulder means good luck; over the left shoulder, misfortune. The belief in the influence of the moon In on the weather, so that changes in the weather can be predicted by its periods, must be classed with these superstitions. The only known influence on the weather is a slight tendency to a scattering of the clouds after a full moon. See The Moon, by Nasmyth and Carpenter; The Moon, by Nelson. Moonstone. See FELSpar. Moore, SIR JOHN, an English general, was born at Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 13, 1761. He entered the army when only 15 and served at Corsica, in the West Indies, in Ireland and Holland. He obtained the order of the Bath for his services in Egypt in 1801. In 1802 he was with the army in Sicily and in Sweden, and in 1808 he was sent with an army of 10,000 men to strengthen the English army in the peninsula, and was put in command of the whole force soon after his arrival. The Spaniards failed to support him, and when after the fall of Madrid the news reached him that Napoleon with 70,000 men was marching against him, he began a retreat with his army of 25,000 men. They marched for nearly 250 miles through a mountainous country, almost impassable from snow and rain, and while embarking on their ships at Coruña were attacked by the French troops under Soult. The French were defeated with the loss of 2,000 men, but the brave leader was struck by a cannon ball and died in the moment of victory, and was buried at night just before the troops embarked for England. The story is preserved in the well-known lines of Wolfe on the burial of Sir John Moore. See Life by Moore; Peninsular War, by Napier. Moore, THOMAS, the Irish poet, was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 28, 1779. He was educated at Trinity College, and in 1799 went to London, bringing out in 1800 a translation of Anacreon, which with his musical talent opened to him the best society. His Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little followed. In 1803 he was given an official position at Bermuda, which he visited, and appointed a deputy to his office, traveling afterwards in the United States and Canada. He published, after his return, the earlier part of the Irish Melodies, and in 1817 Lalla Rookh appeared, and the whole English world applauded. He received $15,000 for it, and the Irish Melodies brought him $2,000 a year; but his deputy in Bermuda embezzled $30,000, of which sum he was obliged to pay $5,000, and in 1819 went to Italy to MORAN avoid arrest for the debt. He returned to England in 1822, spending the last thirty years of his life at Sloperton cottage in Wiltshire. His later works were History of Ireland and lives of Sheridan, Byron and Fitzgerald. He received a pension of $1,500 in 1835. His death occurred Feb. 25, 1852. See Memoirs, Journal and Correspondence, by Russell. SO Moors, a name given to the people living in northern Africa. Among them flourished the Christian Church of Africa for three centuries with Tertullian and Augustine as its leaders. The country was overrun by the Vandals from Spain in 429, and reconquered by the Byzantine emperors in 533. In 647 the Arabs subdued it, and the Moors beMohammedans and have came With the exremained ever since. ception of Tripoli and Morocco these countries now belong to France. The Moors have always been a mixed race. In history the name is given especially to the Arab conquerors of Spain from 711 to 1492. For a short time one caliph ruled from Bagdad to the Atlantic ocean. They were finally driven from Spain in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (1492). They were far ahead of the people of northern Europe in architecture, literature, science and agriculture; but after the 12th century they fell behind the Christian nations, who were developing rapidly, and their own divisions hastened their See Moors in Spain, by overthrow. Stanley Lane-Poole. Moose. See ELK. Moosehead Lake is in the state of Maine, the source of the Kennebec river. It is the largest lake in Maine, 35 miles long and from 3 to 12 miles wide. Spencer mountain, 4,000 feet high, is on the eastern shore. There is fine game in the region, especially the deer and caribou, which, with the fine scenery, makes it a popular resort. Moran (mo-ran'), THOMAS, an American artist, was born in Lancashire, England, Jan. 12, 1837. His early life was spent in Philadelphia, where he learned engraving, studying painting afterward in England, France and Italy. His large paintings, the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone (7 by 12 feet in size), and the Chasm of the Colorado, were bought by congress for $20,000. These were the first landscapes ever purchased by the government. other works are mostly of the same class; Balboa Discovering the Pacific, Hi His MORAVIANS 832 MORE awatha and the Serpents, and The Wilds | riage to Darnley in 1565, and contested of Lake Superior, being examples of his paintings. Moravians, a band of Protestants, who claim to be the modern representatives of the ancient Bohemian church. They are called also "the church of the Brethren." Their church was formed after the model of the apostles and early Christians; all distinctions of rank were done away with; they were opposed to taking the oath, or giving military service. The first formation of the church was in 1467, in Bohemia, increasing to between 300 and 400 churches in the beginning of the 16th century, when, from persecutions, many fled into Poland and Prussia. In 1600 they numbered among their followers two-thirds of the Bohemian nation, but were involved in the revolution of that period, and the church was almost destroyed. A few descendants of the old Moravians started, in 1722, a colony of Hermhut, in Saxony, on land given by Count Zinzendorf, and in 1727 formed anew their church. Their community was a pattern for other settlements in Germany, America and Britain, often named for the mother colony, Herrnhut. Count Zinzendorf was one of their first bishops and had much influence in deciding their customs of worship. They number now about 70,000 followers. The great distinction of the Moravians is their missionary zeal. Their early missions were started as early as 1732 in the West Indies, followed by mission work in Greenland, Lapland, North and South America and Africa. Their missions among the American Indians were successful, one of their well-known stations being at Gnadenhutten, in Ohio, among the Tuscarawas. One out of every fifty members of the Moravian church is engaged in mission work, and there are three times as many members in their mission churches as in the home churches. The most abandoned, hopeless and miserable people have been the first choice of the Moravian missionaries, as their missions to slaves, lepers, Indians and gyp sies testify. See Missions, by Thompson; History, by Bost (English translation). Moray (mur), JAMES STUART, EARL OF, a son of James V. of Scotland, was born about 1533. In 1556 he joined the reformers, and became the head of the Protestant party in Scotland. When Mary Queen of Scots returned to her kingdom, he acted as her prime minister. He opposed her mar it with an army, but was defeated, and fled to England, not returning to Scotland until after Rizzio's murder, in which he seems to have been involved. He was recalled from France in 1567, to find Mary in prison and himself regent of the kingdom. After his esca pe he defeated her forces at Langside, near Glasgow, May 13, 1568, and was one of the commissioners sent to England to make arrangements for her safe custody, and testified against her when tried for the murder of Darnley. He managed Scotland well, but was shot from a window, Jan. 20, 1570, by James Hamilton, either from personal enmity, or at the suggestion of Mary's friends. See History of Scotland, by Robertson. More, HANNAH, was born near Bristol, England, in 1745. She wrote verses when very young, publishing a drama, The Search for Happiness, when only 17 years of age. This was followed by two tragedies, Percy and the Fatal Secret, both of which were acted. She visited in London, going much into society, and making friends of Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, the Garricks and others, but became dissatisfied with her life, and retired to a cottage near Bristol. She continued her literary work, but gave much of her time to helping the poor, and starting schools for them. Her novel, Calebs in Search of a Wife, and the tract, The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, are the most popular of her works. The tract has had an enormous circulation. She made by her writings $150,000, leaving one-third of it to charitable objects. She died Sept. 7, 1833. See Life by Roberts, and one by Yonge. More, SIR THOMAS, was born in London in 1478. He acted as page according to the fashion of the times, in the house of Archbishop Morton, who said to his guests, "This child waiting at the table will prove a marvelous man." At Oxford he met Livacre and Colet, who had traveled in Italy, and brought with them the new ideas and learning of the time. More, already a fine Latin scholar, studied Greek with Livacre, and from Colet received a spiritual impulse, which made him ready for his famous friendship with Erasmus, whom he met about 1498. When Henry VIII. came to the throne, More was already known as one of the leading scholars of the time, had been in parliament, and acted as ambassador to the Netherlands, so that Henry naturally gave him public office. Although disinclined to public life, he rose rapidly, becoming treasurer of the exchequer, speaker of the house of commons, and on the fall of Wolsey, in 1529, lord chancellor. The king became very intimate, making unexpected visits at his home in Chelsea, but when congratulated on the king's friendship, More replied, "If my head would win him a castle in France, it should not fail to go." He was sent on embassies to Francis I., and Charles V. As chancellor "he was ready to hear every man's cause, poor and rich," and the only fault found has been with his decisions in religious matters. Like Erasmus and Colet, while welcoming reforms, he did not desire to leave the old church. He parted with Henry on the question of the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, and refused to take the oath acknowledging Henry as head of the church. He was beheaded July 7, 1535. The story of his daughter Margaret's midnight ride, with only a half foolish jester for companion, to London bridge, where her father's head was exposed; holding out her apron, as she sat in the boat, while the head was dropped into her lap, to be carried off for burial, is one of the most touching in English history. More ranks high among the writers of England. His works were generally written in Latin, his History of King Richard III., however, in 1513, was written in English and is perhaps the first example of classical English prose. His great work Utopia, in Latin, made him the one literary Englishman of the 16th century, who was known and admired on the continent. It was translated by Bishop Burnett in 1556, and still holds its place as an English classic. See Life by Roper; Lives of the Chancellors, by Campbell; and Household of Sir Thomas More. MORGHEN sians and Austrians. His command was given to Joubert, but at his request, Moreau remained with the army, and after Joubert's death, brought the defeated troops to France. He was offered the dictatorship, but declined, giving his help to Bonaparte. Again in command of the army of the Rhine, he gained victory after victory over the Austrians in 1800, ending with the great battle of Hohenlinden. Napoleon, possibly moved by jealousy, accused him of taking part in a plot against his life, and had him tried. The evidence against him was insufficient, but he was exiled, and came to America in 1804. In 1813, while with the emperor of Russia, and the king of Prussia, in their march on Dresden, he was struck by a cannon ball, and died at Lann, in Bohemia, Sept. 2, 1813. See Memoirs by Philippart. Morgan, JOHN HENRY, a confederate general, was born in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1826. He was a bold and successful raider, and his troops were the terror of the border regions, and known as "Morgan's Guerrillas." He is celebrated for what is known as Morgan's raid, in which, crossing the Ohio, he dashed through southern Indiana and Ohio, but was captured while recrossing the river, and confined in the Ohio penitentiary. After his escape, he led another raid into Tennessee, but was surprised and killed at Greenville, Sept. 4, 1864. Morgarten (mor-gar-ten), a mountainside on the border of Lake Egeri in Switzerland, known as the place where 1,400 Swiss from the cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden won a great victory over 15,000 Austrians, Nov. 15, 1315. Morghen (mor'- gen), RAPHAEL SANZIO CAVALIERE, a famous engraver, was born at Naples, June 19, 1758. He studied at Rome, and his first works were very successful. Almost all of the great masterpieces of art of the time were engraved by him, Raphael's Trans Moreau (mo-ro'), JEAN VICTOR, One of the greatest of French generals, was born Aug. 11, 1761, in Brittany. In the revolution, he served first under Du-figuration and Da Vinci's Last Supper mouriez, and was soon made command- among them. He made his home at er of a division, taking an active part Florence, in response to an invitation in reducing Belgium and Holland. In of the duke, who gave him a pension the spring of 1796, he was given the and a house, on condition of his estabchief command on the Rhine and Mo-lishing a school of engraving. selle, driving the Austrians back to the Danube, and regaining the Rhine in a retreat that gave him more reputation than all his victories. In 1798 he saved the French army in Italy from destruction, when hard pressed by the Rus His Transfiguration, upon which he had spent sixteen years of labor, was dedicated to Napoleon, who paid him much attention. His life and a catalogue of 254 of his engravings were published by a pupil. He died April 8, 1833. |