with long sharp claws. The ears are larger than in weasels and the tail is bushy. Martens are agile and graceful in climbing trees, among which they generally live. There are nine or ten kinds scattered over North America, Europe, Asia and Malaya. The American pekan is the largest kind, measuring as much as 46 inches from the snout to tip of the tail. The most valuable PINE MARTEN. kind is the European sable, which, like most martens, is hunted and trapped for its fur. Martha's Vineyard, the name of an island on the south coast of Massachusetts, 21 miles long and six miles wide. It was settled in 1642 by an English merchant, and from 1664 to 1692 belonged to New York. It has a lighthouse on the promontory of Gayhead, and is popular as a summer resort. Martial, MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS, one of the finest among the few Latin poets who did not borrow from the Greeks, and the greatest of all epigrammatists in verse, was born at Bilbilis, Spain, March 1; 38 or 41 A. D. After studying at home he went to Rome, where Piso, Seneca and other leading men became his patrons. When Titus dedicated the Colosseum to the amusement of Rome, Martial wrote epigrams on the occasion which gained him the equestrian rank. He flattered the emperor Domitian, became popular as a diner-out, divided his day between the baths, theaters and writing epigrams, had the leading senators as his friends, and all Romans who read anything at all as his readers. But he was always in want of money, could only get a new toga or mantle by asking some patron for it, and sometimes to escape duns was forced to retire to a country place probably given him by Seneca, and which he called his "foot of earth." After thirty-four years of Rome, the younger Pliny lent him money enough| MARTINEAU to go back to Spain, for which he was homesick. Here at Bilbilis a new patron gave him an estate on which, with its grove, its fountain, its vineyard, its garden, its fishpond and its dovecote, he spent the rest of his life comfortably. Writing with the greatest ease and quickness, his epigrams show also the finest finish. As an epigrammatist he remains without an equal. He lifts the veil from the Rome of the time of Domitian and shows it mainly on its seamy side, with a likeness to life not outdone by the engravings of Hogarth. Martial died in 104 A. D. Martin. See SWALLOW. Martin, JOHN, an English painter, was born at Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, July 19, 1789. He went to London in 1806, and after a hard struggle for a living became known by means of his picture, Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion. His works were quite popular and were highly praised by BulwerLytton. Among them are the Fall of Babylon, Belshazzar's Feast and The Deluge. Martin died Feb. 17, 1854. Martin, SAINT, bishop of Tours, was born at Sabaria, in the Roman province of Pannonia, about 316 A. D. His father, who was a military tribune, wished him to enter the army, which he did, serving first under Constantine and then under Julian the Apostate. Many stories are told of his upright life while a soldier-a remarkable thing in those days. Deciding to give his life to the church, he left the army, converted his mother to Christianity and suffered much persecution from the Arian party in the church. About 360 he founded a monastery near Poitiers, but eleven years later was dragged by force from this retreat and made bishop of Tours. The fame of his saintliness and his reputation as a worker of miracles drew crowds of pilgrims from all parts of Gaul. Martin was the first in the Roman church who was given the title of "confessor" rather than martyr. He died between 397 and 401. His birthday is celebrated on November 11, and in Scotland this day still marks the beginning of winter and is called "Martinmas." St. Martin's day used to be begun with feasting and drinking, and so St. Martin came to be the patron of drinking and reformed drunkards. See Cazenove's St. Hilary and St. Martin. Martineau (mar'-te-no), HARRIET, was born at Norwich, England, June 12, 1802. Her father was a manufac MARTINIQUE 767 MARX turer and gave her a good education. | tific expedition sent out by the AusWhen 19 she began to write for the trian and Bavarian governments. His magazines, and in 1829 the failure of researches on this expedition gained the firm in which she and her mother him a reputation second only to that of and sisters had placed their money Humboldt. These researches were pubobliged her to earn her living. A lished after he reached home-one series of stories, Illustrations of Polit- book on the journey, and several on the ical Economy, which she brought out in cryptogams, palms and other plants of 1832 in spite of many discouragements Brazil, on the medicine of the Indians, and refusals from publishers, at once and on the races and languages of that made her widely known. Five thou- region. For thirty-eight years he was sand copies of the first number were professor of botany at Munich. Martius sold in two weeks, and from that day died Dec. 13, 1868. the way was open to her for life, and she never again had any want of employment or money. In 1834 she came to America for two years and soon after published Society in America. As a girl she had been often unhappy and anxious because of ill health, and now, from 1839 to 1844, she was again an invalid. Among her books are four volumes of children's tales-Forest and Game Law Tales; Letters on the Laws of Man's Social Nature and Development; Deerbrook, a novel; Biographical Sketches, etc. One of her most important works was the careful translation of Compté's Positive Philosophy. Miss Martineau was a vigorous thinker, seeing clearly and saying clearly what she had to say. Her sympathy and kindness of heart won esteem even of those who did not share her opinions, and few women writers have in their time enjoyed more fame than she did. See her Autobiography. Martinique (mar-ti-neek') is one of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is 43 miles long, from 12 to 20 broad, and covers 380 square miles. The island was discovered by the Spaniards in 1493, was settled by the French in 1635, and except for three short times, when it was held by the British, it has always been a French colony. A high, thickly wooded ridge runs from north to south. The coast is high and indented except on the west, where is the main trading town, St. Pierre, and the capital, Fort de France, which was nearly ruined by fire in 1890. Half the land tilled is given to sugar cane; the other main crops are manioc, sweet potatoes and bananas. The main exports are sugar, molasses and rum. Population, 175,391, but only 10,000 are whites. Martius, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON, traveler and naturalist, was born April 17, 1794, at Erlangen, Germany. He studied medicine, and spent three years in Brazil as a member of a scien Martyn, HENRY, a missionary martyr, was born at Truro, England, Feb. 18, 1781, and studied at Cambridge University. Here he took high honors and at first wished to study law, but becoming fired with missionary enthusiasm he sailed in 1805 for India as a chaplain of the East India company. At Serampore, Dinapore and Cawnpore, in spite of broken health, he eagerly mastered the native language, then translated the whole New Testament into Hindustani, Hindi and Persian, as well as the prayer book into Hindustani and the Psalms into Persian; and next his zeal rising as the sands of his time ran swiftly out, sailed to Bushire, then traveled to Shiraz, Tabriz, Erivan, Kars, Erzeroum and Tokat, where he sank worn out by fever, Oct. 6, 1812. See his Life by Sargent and also by Wilberforce. Marx, KARL, was born at Trèves, Prussia, May 5, 1818. It was at first intended that he should be a lawyer like his father, but at the universities at Bonn and Berlin he gave most of his time to the study of history and philosophy. In 1842 he became editor of a democratic newspaper, the Rhenish Gazette. After writing for some time for his journal he felt that his knowledge of economic subjects needed enlarging, and so in 1843 went to Paris, the headquarters of socialism. He soon began the course of writing and labor for the advancement of socialism which made up the work of his life. Driven out from France in 1845 he settled in Brussels, where he wrote his attack on Proudhon's philosophy. His chief work at Brussels was the reorganizing of the communistic league, for which he wrote the famous Manifesto. Marx took an active part in the revolution of 1848, and after its failure settled in London. In 1859 he published his Criticism of Political Economy, which showed a remarkable knowledge of the economic growth of modern Europe. He MARY 768 MARY MAGDALENE again became an active worker among | Mary, who was able without bloodshed socialists and was foremost in founding the International society. After the death of Lassalle he had the real control of the social democratic movement in Germany. His greatest book, Capital, came out in 1867. This book, as do also his other works, show him to have been a man of wonderful knowledge, which he handled with masterly skill, and much more than any other man has he influenced the labor movement throughout the world. Marx died March 14, 1883. Mary," the mother of Jesus," is held in high honor by all Christians. Of her life but little is known. It is implied in Matthew that she was of the same family as her husband, Joseph, and so like him, a descendant of David. She is mentioned but a few times in the New Testament and almost always with reference to her relations to Christ, as in Matthew I., II., XII.; Luke I., II.; John II., XIX., and Acts 1., where the last notice of her is of her "persevering in prayer" with the disciples and the holy women at Jerusalem after Christ's ascension. A letter speaks of her as having lived with John at Ephesus, where she died, and was buried. Another letter tells that she died and was buried at Jerusalem, at the foot of the Mount of Olives. The story is also told of the apostles coming to her tomb on the third day after her burial, and finding the tomb empty, but breathing out an "exceeding sweet fragrance." The date of her death is commonly fixed at 63 or 48 a. D. Mary I., QUEEN OF ENGLAND, daughter of Henry VIII. and his first wife, Catharine of Aragon, was born at Greenwich, Feb. 18, 1516. When a girl she was a great favorite with her father, and when only seven years old was betrothed to the emperor Charles V., and was devoted to her mother and her church. When her mother was divorced Henry treated her harshly, and during her half-brother Edward's reign she lived in retirement, and no threats could make her conform to the new English church. On the death of Edward, July 6, 1553, Mary became entitled to the crown by her father's will and the settlement made in parliament. The duke of Northumberland had, however, got Edward to set aside Henry's will in favor of Lady Jane Grey, to whom the duke had married his son, Guilford Dudley. Lady Jane was declared queen on July 10, but the whole country favored to enter London in triumph, August 3. The queen now showed remarkable leniency towards her enemies. Northumberland and two others were put to death, but Lady Jane and her husband were spared. She sought very gradually and carefully to bring back the old religion. A few leading reformers were imprisoned, but there persecution stopped. Queen Mary's reign was ruined by her marriage to Philip II. of Spain. On this her heart was set, even in face of the fears and protests of all England. The proposal caused Wyatt's rebellion and attack on London. This rising was put down mainly through the courage and coolness of the queen, and at once Jane Grey, who seems to have been held as a sort of hostage for her friends' good behavior, was, with her husband and father, beheaded. Philip landed and was married to Mary. Cardinal Pole entered England as the pope's legate and the country became once more Roman Catholic. Then began the persecution which earned the queen the name of "Bloody Mary," when some three hundred victims were burned at the stake. During this time Mary was almost helpless with ill health. Philip had left England in 1555, to come back only once more for a few weeks, and grief at her husband's heartlessness helped on her sickness. Finally, Philip brought her to declare war on France, and Calais, the last English foothold on French ground, was lost. Mary died Nov. 17, 1558. See the histories of Froude and Lingard; and England Under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, by P. F. Tytler. Mary II., QUEEN OF ENGLAND. See WILLIAM III. 66 ner Mary Magdalene, probably so named from Magdala, a town of Galilee, a woman mentioned in Luke vIII., 2, as Mary Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils," among those that accompanied Jesus. She is held to be the same as the woman "which was a sinwho, as Jesus sat at meat in the house of Simon the Pharisee, washed his feet with her tears and wiped them with the hairs of her head, and anointed them. She is thought by some to be the same as Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus, for which there is little ground. Mary Magdalene stood by Jesus on the cross, and was present when he was laid in the sepulcher. On the first day of the week she came early to the tomb and finding it open ran and told Peter and John that they had "taken away the Lord out of the sepulcher." The three approach and see the two angels," one at the head and the other at the feet where the body of Jesus had lain." Just after, Christ appears to her and announces His coming ascension. The story that she passed her last days in the desert in penitence for her sinful life has been made the subject of paintings by Guido, Correggio, Canova and other great masters. Mary Queen of Scots was the daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Lorraine, daughter of the French Duke of Guise. She was born at Linlithgow, Scotland, Dec. 8, 1542. Her misfortunes may be said to have begun with her birth. The news reached her father on his deathbed. "The deil MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. go with it!" he muttered, as he thought of the marriage with the daughter of Bruce, which brought the crown to the Stuarts-"it cam with ane lass and it will pass with ane lass." Mary became a queen before she was a week old. Within a year the regent Arran had promised her in marriage to Prince Edward of England and the Scotch parliament had declared the promise null. A war with England followed, and the Scots were badly defeated at Pinkie Cleuch. But hating an English match more than ever the young queen was offered and accepted in marriage to the eldest son of Henry II. of France. A French fleet carried the six-year-old girl to France where she was betrothed to the dauphin. Her next ten years were passed at the French court, where she was taught with the king's children. At 16 she was married to the dauphin Francis, who was six weeks younger than MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS herself. In 1559 Francis came to the throne and for a year and a half Mary was queen of France. When the feeble and sickly Francis died, Mary cared little to stay at a court now ruled by the queen-mother, Catharine de Medici, whom she had taunted with being a "merchant's daughter;" and her presence was needed, too, in Scotland, for her mother had just died and the country was without a government and torn by the struggle of the reformation. Mary landed at Leith in 1561, after escaping the English ships which Elizabeth had sent to capture her. The reformation claimed to have been sanctioned by the Scottish parliament and the new queen was content to leave affairs as she found them, only claiming the liberty to use her own religion. Many schemes for Mary's marriage were brought forward. The kings of France, Denmark and Sweden, the Archduke Charles of Austria, Don Carlos of Spain, the dukes Ferrara, Nemours, Anjou, Arran, and Leicester were proposed as suitors. Mary herself preferred Don Carlos, the heir of the greatest kingdom in Christendom, but when all hope of getting him was quenched, she suddenly, in 1565, married her cousin James Stewart, Lord Darnley. Darnley was a great-grandson of Henry VII. of England and was thus among the nearest heirs of the English crown; but though good-looking, he was weak and vicious, his house had few friends and many enemies in the country, and he was a Catholic. This marriage caused the earl of Moray, the queen's natural brother and her chief minister, to head a Protestant rising, but the revolt was quelled by Mary taking the field in person and driving the rebels beyond the Tweed. Mary soon became disgusted at Darnley's worthlessness and alarmed at his ambition. He had been given the title of king, and now claimed that the crown should be secured to him for life, and to his heirs if the queen should die childless; and what Mary refused as a favor he prepared to take by force. Mary's chief minister since Moray's rebellion had been David Rizzio, a common looking Italian, of brains and accomplishments, but generally hated as a low-born foreigner and a court favorite. The king and Rizzio had been sworn friends, sharing the same table and even sleeping in the same bed; but the king was now persuaded that it was Rizzio that stood between him and the crown. So a conspiracy was formed by the king and Moray and other Protestant leaders, they binding themselves to secure the crown to him and his heirs, and he agreeing to get them pardoned for their late rebellion. The result of this conspiracy was the murder of Rizzio, March 9, 1566, Darnley leading the way into the queen's cabinet and holding her in his grasp while the murderers dragged the poor Italian into an antechamber and mangled his body with over fifty wounds. When Mary heard what had been done she broke into loud upbraiding of the king. "I shall be your wife no longer," she told him. But when Darnley on his own authority dismissed the parliament which was about to bring Moray and the other defeated rebels to trial, Mary realized the purpose of the conspirators and set to work to defeat them. By her blandishments she succeeded in detaching Darnley from the others, persuaded him to escape with her from their power by a midnight flight and to make a proclamation denying all connection with their designs. This ended the conspiracy and the king was hated by both sides, as he had betrayed both. In January, 1567, he was taken sick with the smallpox, at Glasgow. Mary went to him and brought him to Edinburgh, where he was lodged in a small mansion. There Mary visited him daily and slept for two nights in a room below his bedchamber. Sunday evening, February 9, she passed by his bedside, talking kindly and cheerfully with him. She left him between 10 and 11 o'clock, and about two o'clock in the morning the house in which the king slept was blown up by gunpowder, and his lifeless body found in the neighboring garden. The chief murderer was undoubtedly the earl of Bothwell, who had enjoyed a large share of the queen's favor since Moray's revolt. But the queen was also suspected, for within three months of Darnley's murder, Bothwell was acquitted at a mock trial, was divorced from his wife of only a year, was made duke of Orkney, and married the queen. This fatal step at once arrayed the nobles in arms against Mary. Her army melted away without striking a blow and she was forced to give up the throne to her son, James VI., who was crowned July 29, 1567. The next year, escaping from prison, she found herself in a few days at the head of an army of 6,000 men, only to be defeated MARYLAND by the regent Mowbray. Four days later Mary crossed the Scottish borders and threw herself on the protection of Queen Elizabeth, only to find herself a prisoner for life. Mary, as the greatgranddaughter of Henry VII., claimed the right of succession to the English throne. A good part of England was still Catholic and looked to Mary to restore the old faith. Of the many plots formed for her deliverance, the most famous was the one of Antony Babington, which included the assassination of Élizabeth. It was discovered; certain letters of Mary, approving the death of the English queen, came into the hands of the ministers, and Mary was brought to trial in September, 1586. She was sentenced to death in October, but Elizabeth could not find courage to sign the death warrant till February, 1587. On the 8th Mary laid her head on the block with the dignity of a queen and the courage of a martyr. Mary's beauty and accomplishments are world famous. She was confessed by everyone to be the most charming princess of her time. She was queenly in appearance, on the throne, in the dance or on horseback at the head of her army. The charm of her soft,sweet voice is said to have been irresistible; and she sang well, accompanying herself on the harp or lute. Her manner was sprightly, affable, kindly and frank. Her rather large features were lighted up by a winning vivacity and a high, joyous spirit. The starlike brightness of her eyes-whether hazel or dark-gray we know not-her fresh, clear complexion and hair of ruddy-yellow changing with her years to auburn, then to darkbrown, turning gray long before its time, added their share to the beauty that bewitched French, English and Scotch alike. Two women only, Cleopatra and Helen of Troy, share with Mary Queen of Scots the power wielded over the imaginations of men of all times and countries. See G. Chalmers' Life of Mary Queen of Scots, and Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of scotland. Maryland, one of the thirteen original states of the Union, covers 12,210 square miles-about the size of Holland. It greatest breadth from north to south is 120 miles, and its greatest length from east to west is 196 miles. "Mason and Dixon's Line" bounds it on the north and east. Eastern Shore Maryland is the part east of the Chesapeake Bay. The western shore reaches from |