Manganese (man'-ga-nees) is one of the heavy metals. It is darker than wrought iron, can be highly polished and is hard enough to scratch glass and steel. It is only feebly attracted by the magnet and rusts easily in the air. It is found in small quantities together with iron in meteoric stones, but can be got in large amounts from the carbonate of manganese. It forms six compounds with oxygen, some of them used in coloring glass and calico. Mango, one of the finest fruits of India. The tree grows from 40 to 50 feet high. The fruit is shaped somewhat like a kidney, is as big as a hen's MANGO. egg or sometimes a goose's egg, and yellow or reddish, speckled with black. The kernel of the fruit stone is also eaten. Mangoes are eaten raw, made into jellies and preserves, and pickled. The fruit is now grown in Jamaica and other warm countries. Mangosteen is said to be the most delicious and wholesome of all fruits. The tree, which is a native of the Moluccas, grows about 20 feet high. Its flowers look like red roses. The fruit is of the size and shape of an orange, dark-brown, spotted with yellow or gray, with a thick rind. The pulp is soft and juicy, rose colored, cooling, half sweet and half acid in taste. It is grown in Java, Ceylon, southeast Asia and other tropical countries. Mangrove, a class of trical trees and shrubs including about fifty kinds. They grow along coasts. especially in the mud at the river mouths, forming a close thicket down to lowWate, mark, thus making the mangrove swamps so often described by travelers. Most kinds send down roots from their branches and so quickly spread MANITOBA over large spaces, where water fowl, crabs and shellfish hide. Their interlacing roots hold mud and seaweed and so form soil and reach out into the shallow sea. The seeds sprout before the fruit falls, sending out a long, thick rootlet. When the fruit drops, the rootlet pierces the mud and the young tree is planted. The fruit is sweet and pleasant, and is made into a light wine. Manila, chief town of the Philippine islands, and capital of the Spanish possessions in eastern Asia, lies on a bay in the Island of Luzon, 650 miles southeast of Hong-Kong, with which it is joined by cable. A small river divides the city into two parts. Earthquakes, typhoons and violent thunderstorms are frequent. A hurricane in 1882 ruined half the city. The people are fond of dancing and music, but the great sport is cockfighting. The great industry is cigar making. The exports are mainly sugar, hemp, cigars and tobacco, and coffee. The Spaniards are jealous of foreigners settling at Manila, especially the Chinese. The population is about 300,000, mostly native Tagals, 25,000 Chinese, large numbers descended from these two races, and 5,000 Spaniards. Manilla Rope. See ROPE. Manistee, a city of Michigan, is on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manistee river, and 135 miles northwest of Lansing. Manistee is noted for its manufacture of sawed and planed lum. ber and shingles, its production of the latter surpassing that of any other town in the world. The region is underlaid with a bed of salt 30 feet thick, and this gives employment to a large num ber of people in the ten salt works. Manistee has gas works, three foundries and a public water supply, and a branch of the Flint and Pere Marquette railroad terminates here. It was incorporated in 1867. Population, 12,799. Manitoba (man-i-to'-ba) a prov. ince of Canada, lying between Ontario and Assiniboia. The main rivers are the Assiniboine, the Souris, the Pembina, the Red and the Winnipeg. The main lakes are Winnipeg, 8,500 square miles; the Manitoba, 1,900 square miles, and Winnipegosis, 1,936 square miles. The country is mostly a level plain. The chief industry is farming; the soil is deep and fertile, and Manitoba wheat and flour are the equal of any in America. Dairy farming and cattle and sheep raising are carried on. Some coal is found in the southern part. Some moose, bear and deer are still found, and prairie chicken and wild duck are plentiful. Large quantities of white fish and pickerel are caught. Over half the foreign trade is with the United States. Manitoba has a lieutenant-governor, who is appointed, an executive council and a legislative assembly, chosen by the people. Manitoba is connected by rail with all parts of the United States and Canada. Until 1868 the province was part of the territory under control of the Hudson Bay company. The first permanent settlement was made in 1812, at Selkirk, on the Red river. The transfer of the district from the company to the government in 1868, brought about the Riel rebellion of 1869-'70, on the part of some who thought their rights had not been considered. The rebellion was put down by Colonel Wolseley and Riel hanged in 1870. See Bryce's Manitoba; Christie's Manitoba Described. Mankato, a city of Minnesota in Blue Earth county, is on the Minnesota river, 86 miles southwest of St. Paul, in a very fertile region. Steamboats can ascend the river to this point, and three lines of railroad pass through the city. The state normal school is located here, and there is a city hall, court house, sixteen churches, a Roman Catholic college, a public library, six weekly papers, nine hotels and three banks. It manufactures tiles, flour, oil, woolens, wooden ware, brick, cement, etc. The town is lighted with gas and has a public water supply. It was settled in 1853 and incorporated in 1868. Population, 8,805. Mann, HORACE, was born at Franklin, Massachusetts, May 4, 1796. He was graduated at Brown University in 1819 and began to study law. As a member of the state legislature, he founded the state lunatic asylum. In 1833 he became president of the state senate. For eleven years he was secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. He gave up politics and business and gave his whole time to the cause of education,working generally 15 hours a day. He became John Quincy Adams' successor in congress in 1848, where he opposed the extension of slavery. He was president of Antioch College, Ohio, from 1853 to his death, Aug. 2, 1859. Sce his Life by Mrs. Mann. Manna, a sugary substance obtained from the manna ash tree by making crosscuts into the stem. This MANSFIELD tree is grown mainly in Sicily and Calabria to get the manna. In July and August deep cuts are made near the base of the tree, and if the weather is warm enough the manna begins to ooze out of the cuts slowly and hardens into lumps or flakes. Manna is light and porous, in the form of crystals, easily broken, yellow in color, and with a sweetish, somewhat bitter taste. There are several other manna yielding plants besides the ash, as the manna bearing eucalyptus of Australia. The manna eaten by the Hebrews in their wandering in the wilderness was what is now called Mount Sinai manna, which falls to the ground from the branches of a kind of tamarisk. It oozes out through holes made in the bark by little insects. It is not true manna, but is a kind of reddish, sticky syrup, and is eaten by the monks of Mount Sinai like honey with their bread. Manning, Henry Edward, CarDINAL, was born July 15, 1808, at Totteridge, Hertfordshire, England. He was educated at Oxford, and soon came to the front as an eloquent preacher and as leader of the well-known tractarian party in the English church. In 1851 he joined the Catholic church. He studied for a time at Rome, was made provost and then archbishop of Westminster. In the church council of 1870 Manning favored the doctrine of the pope's infallibility, which was then declared. He was made cardinal in 1875. Besides being foremost in most Catholic movements in England he took part in many good works for bettering the social life of the people, such as the temperance movement, housing the poor, education and the rights of workingmen. During the great strike of London dock laborers he was the only man in England to whom the strikers would listen, and his arbitration of the strike made him perhaps the most influential man in the country. A great churchman and a reformer, he was also an accomplished man of the world and scholar. Among his writings are Characteristics, The Catholic Church and Modern Society, Four Great Evils of the Day. Cardinal Manning died Jan. 14, 1892. Mansfield, a city in the central part of Ohio, 65 miles northeast of Columbus. It is in the midst of a fine farming country on an elevated site. It has a large trade and manufactures of threshing machines, woolers, paper, boilers, carriages, furniture and flour. It is the home of Senator Sherman. Population, 13,542. Mansfield, WILLIAM MURRAY, EARL OF, lord-chief-justice of England, was born at Perth, Scotland, March 2, 1704. He was graduated from Oxford in 1730. He soon got a large law practice, chiefly because of his force as a speaker. In 1743 he was made solicitorgeneral, and entered the house of commons, where he took high rank. He was consul against certain rebel lords in 1746, became chief-justice in 1756 and the same year became a member of the house of lords and of the cabinet. Although he was fair in his decisions as head of the king's bench, his opinions were not on the popular side, which abused and hated him. The famous unknown Junius attacked him, and during the Gordon riots of 1780 his house with all his books and papers was burned. He would not allow parliament to repay his loss. He died March 20, 1793. Šee Campbell, Lives of the Chief-Justices. Manson, GEORGE, a water-color painter, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, Dec. 3, 1850. For five years he worked as a wood engraver, studying art in his spare hours morning and evening. His first noted picture, Milking Time, was painted between four and eight o'clock of the mornings of a whole summer. Hard work and study ruined his health and he died Feb. 27, 1876. His pictures are mostly from common life and are charming for their beauty of drawing and color. See P. G. Hamerton's Graphic Arts. Mantegna (män-tān'-yah), ANDREA, was born near Padua, Italy, in 1431. He was the adopted son of a tailor in whose house he studied the collections of ancient paintings and sculpture which he took as his models. He did not aim at grace and beauty, but at dignity and truth, and some of his pictures are even ugly. His genius showed itself early and he was but 17 when he set up a studio. His early paintings were frescoes of saints and altarpieces for churches. In 1459 he made his home in Mantua, though making a visit to Rome to paint frescoes for Pope Innocent VIII. His masterpiece is a series of nine pictures showing the Triumphs of Cæsar. Others were Parnassus, Defeat of the Vices and Triumphs of Scipio. Mantegna was also an engraver and architect and is said to have been a poet and sculptor. He had great influence on Italian art. He died Sept. 13, 1506. MANZONI Manteuffel (män-toiƒ'-fel), EDWIN HANS KARL, FREIHERR VON, a Prussian general, was born at Dresden, Feb. 24, 1809. He entered the army in 1827 and became head of the military bureau at Berlin in 1857. Having been made commander of the Prussian troops in Sleswick, he marched into Holstein in 1866 to prevent the summoning of the estates. He took part in the battle of Langensalza, which brought about the surrender of the Hanoverian army. As commander in chief of the army of the Main, he won the battles of Werbach, Tauberbischofsheim, Helmstadt and Rossbrunn over the Bavarians and others, the south German allies of Austria. As commander of the first army he fought successfully at Amiens and other places in the war of 1870. In 1871 Manteuffel attacked the French near Belfort and drove 80,000 men across the frontier into Switzerland. In 1879 he was made viceroy of the conquered provinces, Alsace and Lorraine. He died at Carlsbad, June 17, 1885. Mantua (man'-tu-a), a fortified city of northern Italy, and formerly the capital of the duchy of Mantua, is on two islands formed by the Mincio river. The marshy district around it, and its fortifications, make it perhaps the strongest fortress in Italy. It has broad streets and many open squares. The fortress of the Gonzagas, adorned with paintings by Mantegna, the cathedral of San Pietro, and the church of San Andrea, are its chief buildings of interest. Virgil was born at Pietole, now a suburb of Mantua. Mantua was first an Etruscan town, then belonged to the Romans, Ostrogoths and Lombards. The Gonzaga family became its rulers in 1328, and not only maintained themselves against their great rivals, the Visconti of Milan, but raised the city to the height of its splendor and renown. Mantua became a part of Austria in 1708, who held it till 1866, except for two short periods when it was in the possession of France. The city has had three great sieges-by the emperor Ferdinand II. in 1630, by the French in 1797, and by the Austrians in 1799. Manzoni (män-dzo'-nee), ALESSANDRO, a great Italian writer, was born at Milan, March 7, 1785, of a noble family. He published his first poems in 1806; sacred lyrics and two tragedies, one highly praised by Goethe, followed. But the work which gave Manzoni European fame was his historical novel, I Promessi Sposi ("The Betrothed Lov ers")- a Milanese story of the 17th | century, a powerful work and interesting from its sketches of Italian life and customs, and especially the account of the plague in Milan. His famous ode, Il Cinque Maggio ("The Five Great Ones"), was inspired by the death of Napoleon. He died at Milan, May 23, 1873. Map, a drawing on a plane of the surface of the earth. As the earth is a sphere, it cannot be exactly represented on a plane or level surface, and various methods have been adopted to do away with the difficulty. The arrangement of the lines of latitude and longitude in circles is the most common way, and answers the purpose fairly well. The lines of latitude are numbered north and south from the equator, and the longitude east or west of a given line, usually either Greenwich, England, or Washington, in the United States. This serves to indicate the position of a country. Maps are made on a certain scale; as, one inch of the map may represent one mile of the country. Different colors are used to mark different countries, and water, mountains, high plains, etc., are also often indicated in the same way. The art of making maps is ancient, the Egyptians having made some rude attempts, though the Greeks consider Anaximander (560 B. C.) as the pioneer map-maker. In the 15th century, the revival of Ptolemy's teachings made a change in the charts made; Mercator and others among Italians and Germans made valuable contributions in the 16th century, and Sebastian Cabot made his map of the world in 1544. A topographical map represents the details of a country very minutely, as the mountains, hills, rivers and plains. A hydrographical map is one representing the waters of the world, as oceans, seas, bays, etc., with their coasts. Maple, a class of trees having many kinds, which are natives of the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere and most abundant in North America and northern India. The flowers are not handsome, but are filled with honey, which attracts bees. The fruit is formed of two small nuts, each having one or two seeds. The common maple is a small tree with fine grained wood which can be highly polished, and is much used for wood carving. The striped bark maple, very common in the woods of North America, is so named because the smooth bark of the MAPLE SUGAR two-year-old branches is beautifully varied with green and white stripes. Its very white wood is used for inlaying in cabinet work. The greater maple, or sycamore, grows from 70 to 90 feet high, has a spreading head and large leaves on long stalks. The wood is white and firm, but not hard. The Norway maple is found in northern Europe and North America, and is much like the sycamore. The sugar maple of North America, from which maple sugar is obtained, is also much like the sycamore. The wood has a satiny look and is much used for cabinet making. It is sometimes marked with wavy fibers, and is then known as bird's-eye maple, and is used for ve neers. The dwarf maple of the Rocky Mountains and the vine maple of the Pacific coast are small varieties. Maple Sugar is made from the sap of the sugar maple, which grows in the northern part of the United States and in Canada. The trees are tapped in the spring when there are warm days and frosty nights, which help the flow. A hole is made in the trunk with an auger or axe, in which a spout is stuck, through which the sap flows into a trough. It is then carried to a receiver, and after straining, to the boiler. It is boiled and refined in the same way as cane sugar. A single tree yields from two to six pounds in a season. Good vinegar is made from it, and maple syrup, much better than sugar molasses, which is much used on buckwheat cakes, etc. New England is the great maple sugar region, but it is also made in Indiana, Michigan, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. The yearly output of the United States is about 35,000,000 pounds. Maracaybo (mah-rah-ki' - bo), GULF OF, a wide inlet of the Caribbean Sea joined by a strait with the lake of the same name. The lake forms the floor of a great valley, shut in by high mountains. Its waters are sweet and deep enough for the largest vessels, but the mouth makes it hard to enter. The gulf and lake were discovered in 1499 by Ojeda, who found here houses built on piles, and so called the region Venezuela-"Little Venice." Marat (mah-rah'), JEAN PAUL, one of the foremost men in the French revolution, was born at Boudry, in Neuchâtel, France, May 24, 1743, the son of a physician. He studied medicine and practiced for a time in London, becoming noted as a student of optics and electricity, his work and writings attracting the attention of Franklin and Goethe. In 1788 he started his famous paper, L'Ami du Peuple (the Friend of the People). Throughout the revolution he fought for his own hand, denouncing in turn Necker, Bailly, Lafayette, the king, Dumouriez, and the Girondins. His paper made him hated, but also the darling of the scum of Paris, and placed great power in his hands. His printing press had to be hidden from the eyes of Lafayette's police; twice he had to flee to London, and once was forced to hide in the sewers of Paris. There is no doubt that on his head rests in great measure the guilt of the September massacres. He was chosen a member of the convention, and was perhaps the most unpopular man in the house. When the republic was set up, Marat changed the name of his paper to the Journal of the French Republic. He was now dying of a disease caught in the sewers, and his last energies were spent in a death struggle with the Girondins. Marat was accused by them before the tribunal, and his acquittal marked their own downfall. He was now so weak that he could only write sitting in his bath, where Charlotte Corday's knife put an end to him, July 13, 1693. The beautiful Charlotte, whose lover had been killed by a mob, and who said she had stabbed one man to save the lives of one hundred thousand, was guillotined, while Marat was buried with the greatest honors. See the Histories of the French Revolution by Mignet, Thiers, Michelet Louis Blanc, Carlyle and Von Sybel. MARBLE Marathon (mar'-a-thon), a village on the coast, 22 miles northeast of Athens, Greece. Here the Persian hordes of Darius were defeated in 490 B. C., by the Greeks under Miltiades-one of the decisive battles of the world. The Persians numbered about 110,000. Against them came 10,000 heavy-armed Athenian infantry and a small body of lightarmed troops. A reënforcement of 1,000 heavy-armed Platæans encouraged Miltiades to leave his position on the heights and attack the Persians, who filled the plain below. The Greeks advanced in three bodies. The two wings carried everything before them, but the center was driven back. The wings now fell on the flanks of the Persian center and drove the whole army to their ships, which were drawn up on the beach. The Persian loss is put at 6,400; that of the Greeks at but 192. Had the Athenians been conquered, all Greece would have become a part of Persia. Maratti (mah-räť' - tee), CARLO, an Italian painter, was born near Ancona in 1625. He studied at Rome and became a great admirer of Raphael's paintings. A picture of Constantine destroying the idols made him one of the first painters of his time. His masterpiece is the Martyrdom of St. Biagio, at Genoa. He died Dec. 15, 1713. Marble is a crystallized rock, which breaks like loaf sugar, and is made up of carbonate of lime, either almost pure, when the color is white, or mixed with iron oxide and other impurities, which give it different colors. But any limestone which can be polished is usually called marble. Statuary marble is a fine grained white rock, not liable to splinter and taking a high polish. The most famous of the marbles used in early times was the Parian marble, which was very lasting, with a waxy look when polished. Some of the finest Greek statues were chiseled from this marble, among them the Venus de Medici. The Parthenon was wholly built of the marble of Pentelicus, which was whiter and finer grained than the Parian, but the old statues cut from it have not kept the beautiful finish of Parian statues. Modern sculptors mostly use marble from the quarries at Carrara. The best known of colored marbles are Rosso Antico, a deep bloodred with white dots; Verde Antico, a clouded-green; Giallo Antico, a deepyellow with black or yellow rings; and Nero Antico, a deep-black marble. True |