MACKENZIE

MACLEOD

in Germany in his early years, and afterwards at the Royal Academy in London. After devoting many years to his art, both in Edinburgh and Italy, he was appointed principal of the Royal Academy of Music in London. His works embrace almost every form of music, his celebrity dating from the production of his opera Colomba at Drury Lane in 1883.

Mackenzie, SIR MORELL, M. D., was born in 1837 at Leytonshire, England, and studied at the London Hospital Medical College, Paris and Vienna. In 1863 he founded the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Golden Square, London, and in the same year his essay on Diseases of the Larynx won for him the Jacksonian prize from the Royal College of Surgeons. Not long after, he was elected to assistant physician to the London hospital, then became full physician and later was appointed lecturer on diseases of the throat, which appointment he held at the time of his death. He attended on the late German Emperor Frederick during his last illness. In 1888 Dr. Mackenzie published The Fatal Illness of Frederick the Noble in vindication of his treatment. He was a corresponding member of the Imperial Royal Society of Physicians of Vienna and of the Medical Society of Prague and an honorary fellow of the American Laryngological Association. He was the author of a systematic treatise in two volumes on Diseases of the Throat and Nose, which has been translated into French and German and is well known in America. He died Feb. 3, 1892, in London after an illness of only a few days.

Mackenzie, the largest river in British America. It rises as the Athabasca in British Columbia, flows over 600 miles into Athabasca Lake and thence as the Slave river 240 miles to Great Slave Lake. It now assumes the name of Mackenzie river, and flowing northward in a course of 1,000 miles empties into the Arctic Ocean. The Mackenzie received its name from Alexander Mackenzie, by whom it was discovered in 1789. Sir John Franklin descended it in 1825.

Mackerel, a fish of great value to man on account of its wide distribution and its excellence as food. It is a very beautiful fish of elegant spindle

14 or 16 inches in length, its average weight being about two pounds.

Mackinaw or Mackinac (mack'- in - aw), an island three miles long and two miles broad in the Strait of Mackinaw, which connects Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. The village of Mackinaw, on the island, is the county seat of Mackinaw county, and is noted as a fashionable summer resort. Fort Mackinaw is situated on a rocky eminence overlooking the village and commanding the strait.

McKinley, WILLIAM, governor of Ohio, and one of the leading statesmen of the republican party, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, Jan. 29, 1843. He was educated at the public schools and at the Poland (Mahoning county) academy. He enlisted in the 23d Ohio infantry as a private, in the summer of 1861, and after four years' faithful service was mustered out July 26, 1865, having risen by his merits and gallantry to the rank of major. He immediately began the study of law, and in 1867 was admitted to the bar and entered upon the practice of his profession in Canton, Ohio. He was elected to congress in 1876, and continued a member of that body, except one term, until March, 1891. During his last term in congress he was chairman of the committee of ways and means, and the leader of his party on the floor of the house. The tariff law known as the "McKinley bill" was passed during this session. In 1891 McKinley was elected governor of Ohio. He is recognized as one of the leading champions and representatives of the principle of protection, and his personal character commands universal respect.

Macleod (mak-lowd'), NORMAN, a minister of the church of Scotland, distinguished for his pulpit oratory and liberal Christianity, was born at Campbelltown, Argyllshire, June 3, 1812. He

was educated at Glasgow University | and became minister of London, in Ayrshire, in 1838, of Dalkeith in 1843, and of Barony church, Glasgow, in 1851, which latter position he held until his death, June 16, 1872. His writings and sermons are at once charming and instructive, full of shrewd observation and good humor. His nature was large, and yet very childlike; manly, but full of tenderness and sympathy; and being very broad and catholic in all his views, his influence in the religious world was both widespread and beneficent. See Memoir, by Macleod.

Maclise (ma-klees'), DANIEL, an eminent painter, was born at Cork, Jan. 25, 1811. He went to London in 1828, and entered the school of the Royal Academy, where he won all the prizes for which he competed. In 1833 he made himself famous by his All Hallow Eve. His works are very numerous, and many of them have became quite familiar through engravings. The Death of Nelson and The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo, were admitted to be the finest mural paintings hitherto executed in England. He died in London, April 1, 1870. See Memoir, by O'Driscoll.

Maclure, WILLIAM, the "father of American geology," was born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1763, but settled in the United States in 1796. In 1803 he went to Europe as one of the commissioners to adjust the claims of American citizens against France for losses of property sustained during the revolution in that country. While in Europe he gave a great deal of attention to the geology of that continent, and on returning undertook a private geological survey of the United States. He visited nearly every state and territory, crossing the Allegheny mountains a great many times on foot. He took up his residence in Philadelphia, and from 1817 until his death, in 1840, was president of the academy of natural sciences in that city.

McMahon (mäk-mah-on'), MARIE EDINE PATRICE MAURICE, ex-president of the French republic, was born at Sully, near Autun, Nov. 28, 1808. Entering the army at an early age, he saw active service in Algeria, especially distinguishing himself at the storming of Constantine, in the year 1837. He commanded the division that stormed the Malakoff at Sebastopol during the Crimean war; and in the Italian campaign of 1859 was created a marshal of France

MACPHERSON

for the decisive part he took in the battle of Magenta. In the Franco-German war of 1870, he commanded an army corps, and although defeated and captured at Sedan, his military reputation remained untarnished. At the close of the war he was made commander of the army of Versailles, with which he suppressed the commune that held sway in Paris during so many weeks. On the retirement of M. Thiers from the presidency of the republic, in 1873, Marshal McMahon was chosen his successor for a term of seven years, but resigned the position Jan. 30, 1879. He died Oct. 18, 1893.

Macon, a city of Georgia, is situated on the Ocmulgee river, 100 miles from Atlanta. It is the seat of Mercer University (Baptist), a Roman Catholic college, a Wesleyan girls' school and an asylum for the blind. It has several foundries, flour and lumber mills, cotton factories, etc., and ships large quantities of cotton. Population, 22,698.

Macon, NATHANIEL, a North Carolina statesman, was born in Warren county, of that state, in 1757. He served as a private soldier in the revolutionary war, and was a member of the state legislature from 1780 to 1786. He was a member of the lower house of congress for twenty-four years, from 1791 to 1815, and of the United States senate for the thirteen following years, making a continuous service in congress of thirty-seven years, the longest on record. He died at his home in Warren county, North Carolina, June 29, 1837.

Macpherson, JAMES, a Scottish author, notorious as the "translator" of the Ossianic poems, was born at Ruthven, 1738. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, giving evidences of a taste for poetry while pursuing his course of study. In his 20th year he published a poem entitled The Highlander, and two years later published a small volume of fragments purporting to be translations of ancient Celtic poetry. These fragments excited so much interest that money was raised to send Macpherson on a tour through Scotland to collect more of the same. He accordingly visited the mainland and islands inhabited by the Gaelic race, and in 1762 published "Fingal, with other poems composed by Ossian, and translated from the Gaelic," and this was followed the next year by "Lemora, with other poems, by Ossian." These poems were read with great interest, but a strong party soon arose to ques

tion their genuineness and the controversy over their authenticity has hardly yet ceased. Macpherson entered parliament in 1780, and sat as a member of that body for the next ten years. He died upon his estate in Inverness-shire Feb. 17, 1796, his body being interred in Westminster Abbey at his own expense and in accordance with his own request. See On Authorship of Ossian's Poems, by Sinclair.

McPherson, GENERAL JAMES B., was born in Sandusky county, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1828, and graduated at West Point Military Academy at the head of his class in 1853. In August, 1861, on account of his superior qualifications as an engineer, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and placed on the staff of General Halleck, commanding the department of the Missouri. In his capacity as staff officer General McPherson was with General Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and the siege of Corinth, rendering service that was grate fully acknowledged by that general; and during the Vicksburg campaign in 1863 he commanded the 17th army corps which SO successfully fought the battles of Raymond and Champion Hill. During Sherman's Atlanta campaign McPherson commanded the army of the Tennessee, displaying the highest soldierly qualities in every engagement until he was killed in the battle before Atlanta July 22, 1864. General McPherson was tall and rather imposing in appearance, but very gentle and unassuming in his manners; and his death was deeply lamented by all the officers and soldiers in his command. "To know him was to love him," was the high tribute paid to him by General Grant.

MADEIRA

ber of visits to the United States, during the last of which a riotous mob trying to break into the Astor Place for the purpose of attacking him, was fired upon by the military and several lives were lost. Macready took his farewell of the stage at Drury Lane, Feb. 26, 1851, and passed his remaining days in retirement at Sherborne and Cheltenham, at the latter of which places he died April 27, 1873. As an actor Macready sought to combine the dignity of the Kembles with the naturalness of Kean. In addition to being an actor of great power he was a man of fine literary taste and pure, elevated character. See Biography, by Littleton.

Madagascar (mad-a-gas'-car), a large island off the southeast coast of Africa, from which it is separated by Mozambique channel. Madagascar is the third largest island in the world, being about 1,000 miles in length and its greatest breadth 350 miles. Its total area is a little over 200,000 square miles. Madagascar consists of an elevated region in the center, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and a nearly level country surrounding the high land. The island is also surrounded with a belt of forest from 10 to 40 miles wide. The city of Antananarivo is situated near the center of the island and contains about 100,000 inhabitants. English missionaries first entered Madagascar in the year 1820, and were greatly encouraged in their work by king Radàma, but when Queen Ranavalona I. came to the throne in 1828, a severe persecution followed, and they were compelled to leave. A great many native Christians were put to death, and Europeans generally were excluded from the island. But on the death of the queen in 1861, there was a complete change in the policy of the government, and since that time the people have made great progress in re

In 1879 all the African slaves on the island were set free, and considerable effort has been made to improve the military system and reduce the administration of law to a fixed and equitable system. The population of Madagas car is between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000.

Madeira (ma-dee'-ra), an island belonging to Portugal, in the Atlantic ocean, off the northwest coast of Africa, about 38 miles long and from 10 to 15 miles broad. The island is of volcanic origin, and is occasionally visited by

earthquakes. It is traversed by a mountain chain running east and west; and the coasts are steep and rough, affording few harbors. Wine is the product for which Madeira has long been noted, several kinds of grapes being produced on the island. The vines were much injured by the grape disease in 1852; but they were soon replanted and only one failure of the crop has been recorded in the past 25 years. The value of the wine exported is nearly $1,000,000 a year. The inhabitants of Madeira, estimated at 150,000 in number, are a mixture of Portuguese, Moors and negroes, and are described as a vigorous, industrious and peaceful race.

Madeira, a river of South America, formed by the junction of the Mamoré and Guaporè in Bolivia, the Beni joining about 100 miles lower down. The river then flows northeast to the Amazon, its drainage basin embracing nearly 500,000 square miles. From its mouth to its first falls the distance is nearly 600 miles; and above this point navigation is rendered impossible by a series of falls and cataracts extending over 200 miles.

Madison, a city of Indiana, is situated on the right bank of the Ohio river, 90 miles below Cincinnati and 50 miles above Louisville, Kentucky, with which two cities it has daily communication by steamer. Population, 8,923. Madison, JAMES, fourth president of the United States, his two terms ex

JAMES MADISON.

tending from 1809 to 1817, was born at Port Conway, Virginia, March 16, 1751, and graduated at Princeton College in 1772. He was elected to the continental congress in 1780, and 1784 to the legislature of Virginia, in which he was largely instrumental in securing the fullest religious liberty to the people of the state. He was also one of the lead

MADOC

ing spirits in the convention of 1787, which framed the Constitution of the United States; and it was in a great measure due to his influence that the instrument was ratified by the legislature of Virginia. Madison was a member of congress during Washington's administration; and although he retired to private life when John Adams became president in 1797, he was the author of "resolutions of 1798," adopted by the legislature of Virginia in opposition to the famous alien and sedition laws of the Adams administration. During Jefferson's administration, from 1801 to 1809, Madison filled the office of secretary of state with such ability that he was chosen Jefferson's successor and inaugurated president March 4, 1809. The principal feature of his administration was the war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, which was terminated by the treaty of Ghent, Dec. 14, 1814, although the battle of New Orleans was fought on the 8th of January following. On retiring from the presidency Mr. Madison took up his residence in Montpelier, Virginia, where he died June 28, 1836. While not distinguished for brilliancy of intellect or great oratorical powers, Madison was a pure and able statesman, and was well worthy of the universal respect accorded to him. See Life by Adams; Life and Times, by Stoddard.

Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, is located on an isthmus between Lakes Monona and Mendota, 80 miles west of Milwaukee and at the junction of several railroads. The capitol, State University and other public buildings stand on hills, commanding extensive views of beautiful scenery. The university is in a 13-acre park, is open to both sexes, has a faculty of 54 members and 800 students. It has an income of over $100,000, arising from a state tax of 1 mill on the dollar. The Washburn Observatory, built in 1878-'80 at a cost of $30,000, was given to it, with a full equipment, by Governor C. C. Washburn. Many summer visitors are attracted to this charming little city, by its pure springs, bass fishing, boating of all kinds, beautiful drives and Chautauqua assemblies. It has also a large number of manufactories. Population, 13,392.

Madoc (mad'-oc), a Welsh prince, who is believed by his countrymen to have discovered America three hundred years before Columbus. It is said that he sailed westward in 1170 with a

small fleet, and after a voyage of several weeks reached a country whose inhabitants and productions were very different from those of Europe. After remaining for some time in this new country he returned to Wales and equipped another fleet, with which he set sail and was never heard of again. The story of Madoc will be found in Lloyd and Powell's Historie of Cambria. Southey has made the legend the subject of one of his poems.

Madras (mad-ras'), the capital of southern India (Madras presidency), is on the coast of the Sea of Bengal, which washes the eastern coast of the presidency about 225 miles north of Ceylon. It is the center of all the great military roads of India, is also the terminus of two railway lines and is connected with a system of canals. Although it has not a single handsome street there are several buildings of fine architecture and many spots of historical interest. Nearly all the most important offices and the headquarters of every department of the presidency are located here. The garrison of Madras is about 3,500 strong, of whom 1,200 are Europeans. Notwithstanding its exposed situation Madras ranks third among the ports of India in the number and tonnage of vessels calling and the value of its imports and exports. The port trades with every part of the world, exporting coffee, cotton, grain, hides, indigo, oilseeds, dyes, sugar and horns, and importing iron and other metals and all kinds of European manufactures. The lighthouse, 125 feet high, can be seen from a ship's deck 15 miles at sea. The city of Madras dates from 1639. It is liable to be swept by furious hurricanes, which occur some years at the beginning of the monsoons in May and October. The present population is 436,371, about three-fourths of whom are Hindus. Over 50,000 are Mohammedans, 13,000 are Eurasians and about 4,000 are Europeans.

Madrid (mad - rid' or mah - dreed'), the capital city of Spain, is situated on the left bank of the Manzanares, 880 miles by rail from Paris. It is built on a treeless plateau 2,000 feet above the sea level; and its sole recommendation as a capital would seem to be its central position in the peninsula. When Madrid was declared the capital of Spain by Philip II., in 1561, it contained about 30,000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the 19th century the pop

MAGELLAN

ulation numbered 160,000, in 1860 it was 298,000, and in 1889 over 500,000.

Maelstrom (māl'-strum), a famous whirlpool, or rather current, between Mosken and Moskerra, two of the Loffoden isles, on the northwest coast of Norway. Vessels can pass through this strait at high tide and low tide, although in one place there is always a rough sea, the water being churned into angry foam. The stories of ships being swallowed up are mere fables, although a ship fully under the power of the current might be dashed against the rocks on either side. The current takes twelve hours to complete a circular revolution.

Maestritch (mäs' - trikt), capital of the Dutch province of Limburg, 19 miles by rail from Liege and 152 from Amsterdam. It lies on the left bank of the Meuse, a stone bridge connecting it with Wijk. It was formerly a fortress, but is now only a garrison town, the fortifications having been dismantled in 1871-'78. Population in 1889, 32,034.

Magdalena, the principal river of Colombia, South America, rises in Ecuador, about 20 north latitude, only eight miles from the source of the Cauca. These streams flow northward, one on each side of the central Cordillera range, uniting about 100 miles from the Caribbean sea, into which their waters are discharged. The Magdalena is navigable to Honda, 500 miles from its mouth, where the rapids begin; and above these it has been navigated to Neiva since 1875, a 20-mile railway alongside the rapids connecting the upper and lower portions of the stream. The length of the Magdalena is 900 miles, and the area of its drainage has been estimated at 92,000 square miles.

Magdeburg (mag'-de-burg), the capital of Prussian Saxony, and one of the chief fortresses of the German empire, is situated on the Elbe river, 90 miles from Berlin and 72 miles from Leipsic. Magdeburg was founded by Charlemagne in 805, and rebuilt by Editha after its destruction by the Wends, in 924. During the thirty years' war it was besieged for twenty-eight weeks by Wallenstein in vain; but two years later (1631), it was taken by Tilly and burned to the ground, nearly the entire population perishing by fire or sword, or drowning in the river. Magdeburg is at the junction of five railways, and its river trade is also very large. Population, about 150,000.

Magellan(mă-jel'-lan), FERDINAND, a Portuguese navigator, was born in