MACBETH 730 MCCARTHY very large alms to the poor. In the year 1057 Malcolm Duncan, who had fled to England after the murder of his father, returned to Scotland, and marching a hostile force against Macbeth, defeated and killed him at the battle of Lumphanan, after which Malcolm was proclaimed king. able capacity for composition, both in | Maccabees (mak' - ka - beez), the name assumed by the patriotic Hebrew Mattathias (and his descendants), who first resisted the persecutions inflicted upon the Jewish people by the Syrian king, Antiochus Epiphanes. Mattathias had retired with his five sons at the beginning of these troubles to a small place called Modiin, between Jerusalem and Joppa, to mourn over the desolation of the city and the desecration of the temple. He was pursued to this point by the Syrians, and when one of their captains tried to bribe him to abandon the Jewish faith, he answered by slaying with his own hand the first Jewish renegade who approached the altar of idolatry. This bold act was the signal for a general outbreak. The five sons of Mattathias, with a few faithful followers, rose against the national foe, destroyed all traces of heathen worship, and then fled into the wilderness of Judea. Not long after they entered the adjacent cities and villages, circumcising the children and restoring the ancient religion of Jehovah. At the death of Mattathias, 166 B. c., his son Judas took command of the patriots, repulsed the enemy at Mizpah and other places, reconquered Jerusalem, purified the temple, and restored the worship of Jehovah. Having further concluded an alliance with the Romans he fell in battle with Bacchides. Judas was succeeded by his brother Jonathan, who also acquired the dignity of high priest. Jonathan was treacherously murdered at Ptolemais, 141 B. C., and was succeeded by his brother Simon, the second of the five sons of Mattathias. The reign of Simon marked a new era in Jewish history. His power was almost absolute, but it was exercised with great moderation and "Judah prospered as of old." The reign of the Maccabean family continued until the time of Herod the Great. See History of Israel, by Ewald; History of the Jews, by Milman. McCarthy, JUSTIN, Irish journalist and novelist, was born in Cork, Nov. 22, 1830. He joined the staff of the NorthTimes, Liverpool, in 1853, and in 1864 became chief editor of the London Morning Star. He resigned this position in 1864 and devoted the next three years to a tour through the United States. He entered the house of commons in 1879 as member for Longford as a liberal member, but his literary works have extended his name much farther than his political triumphs. Among his best-known novels are Paul Massie (1866), The Waterdale Neighbors (1867), My Enemy's Daughter (1869), etc. His historical writings, on which his fame mostly depends, are History of Our Own Times and History of the Four Georges. McClellan, GEORGE BRINTON, an American general, was born at Philadelphia Dec. 3, 1826. He graduated at the West Point Military Academy in 1846, one of his classmates being the renowned "Stonewall" Jackson. He served as an engineer during the Mexican war, winning a brevet-captaincy by his skill and bravery. He continued to serve as an officer in the regular army until 1857, when he resigned his commission to engage in railroad business. When the civil war broke out in April, 1861, Governor Dennison of Ohio appointed him major-general of Ohio volunteers, and in May he was appointed major-general of United States troops by President Lincoln. He was immediately sent into West Virginia, | and during the month of July conducted a short and very successful campaign against the confederates in that state. On account of this signal success of McClellan he was soon after called to Washington to reorganize the army of the Potomac and prepare it for another advance upon the enemy. On the retirement of General Winfield Scott in November following, McClellan was made commander in chief of the army. As an organizer he showed marked ability and efficiency; but he sorely tried the patience of both the administration and the people by the slowness of his movements rather by his failure to move at all. At length, in April, 1862, under the positive orders of the president he entered on his disastrous Peninsular campaign. He advanced within a few miles of Richmond, but after fighting what is known as the seven days' battles" (June 25 to July 1), he was driven back and compelled to abandon the peninsula. A large part of his army was now ordered to the relief of General Pope's troops; but soon after the second battle of Bull Run McClellan was again placed in com 46 McCOOK mand, and marching_northward met the forces of General Lee at Antietam, Maryland, where there occurred one of the bloodiest battles of the war; but whatever advantage McClellan gained by this fight he failed to follow up, and General Lee was allowed to recross the Potomac without being molested. McClellan followed him into Virginia; but all his subsequent movements were so unsatisfactory to the president and cabinet that in November he was relieved of his command and General A. E. Burnside appointed in his place. In 1864 he was the democratic candidate against Lincoln for the presidency, but received the electoral vote of only three states-New Jersey, Kentucky and Delaware. In 1877 he was elected governor of New Jersey and filled that office for a term of years. He died Oct. 29, 1885. McClintock, SIR FRANCIS LEOPOLD, was born at Dundalk, Ireland, in the year 1819, and entered the navy when only 12 years old. He served in Austin's expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in 1850, and made a sledge journey of several hundred miles along the northern shore of Parry Sound. In 1857, he took command of the expedition fitted out by Lady Franklin to search for her husband. For his success in ascertaining the fate of Franklin, in addition to many other honors, he was knighted in 1860. During the same year he published a book containing a full account of his voyage in the Arctic seas in search of Franklin and his companions. McCloskey (ma - klos' - kì ), JOHN, was born in Brooklyn, New York, March 10, 1810. After pursuing a collegiate and theological course at St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg, Maryland, he was ordained a priest at St. Patrick's cathedral, New York, Jan. 9, 1834. He was consecrated bishop March 10, 1844; archbish op May 6, 1864, and in 1875 was created cardinal, being the first American raised to that princely dignity. He died Oct. 10, 1885. McCook, GENERAL ALEXANDER McDOWELL, was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, April 22, 1831. He grad uated at West Point in 1852, and after several years' service in the army was appointed instructor of infantry tactics in that institution. He was appointed colonel of the first Ohio regiment organized for service in 1861, which he commanded at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. He was afterwards pro McCOOK 732 MACDONALD He was moted to the rank of major-general, | Scotland in 1835, but joined in the Free and as such commanded a division at the battles of Shiloh and Perryville. When General Rosecrans was placed in command of the army of the Cumberland, McCook was assigned to the command of the 20th army corps, with which he took part in the battles of Stone River and Chickamauga. McCook, GENERAL DAN, was born at Carrollton, Ohio, July 22, 1834, and graduated at Florence College, Alabama, 1857. He entered the Union army as colonel of the 51st Ohio volunteers in 1861, being afterwards promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. In addition to a number of minor engagements he participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and Kenesaw Mountain, in the latter of which he was killed July 17, 1864. McCook, GENERAL ROBERT LATIMER, was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, Dec. 28, 1827. He was commissioned colonel of the 9th Ohio volunteers on the outbreak of the civil war, and commanded a brigade in West Virginia under General Rosecrans, in the summer of 1861, highly distinguishing himself in a number of engagements. He was in command of a division in General Buell's army in August, 1862, when he was shot by guerillas while lying sick in an ambulance near Salem, Alabama. McCormick, CYRUS H., inventor of the McCormick reaping machine, was born at Walnut Grove, Virginia, Feb. 15, 1809. In the year 1847 he moved to Chicago, where he engaged in the manufacture of his machine, which soon came into extensive use, both in the United States and other countries. He amassed a large fortune and became noted for his great liberality. In 1859 he endowed the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, at Chicago, which bears his name, and which is one of the best equipped and most prosperous educational institutions of the country. The total amount contributed by Mr. McCormick and his heirs to this and other institutions is over $1,000,000. McCosh, JAMES, a Scottish-American educator and philosopher, was born in 1811, at Ayrshire, Scotland. He was educated in the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and while there earned the honorary degree of M. A. by his paper on the Philosophy of the Stoics, through the influence of Sir William Hamilton. He was ordained at Brechin a minister of the Church of 66 Church movement in 1843. called to the chair of logic and metaphysics in the Queen's College at Belfast in 1851, and remained there until 1868, when the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, elected him for its president. By this step the college gained great benefit, for he imparted to it new life and secured for it large donations by his personal influence. The writings of Dr. McCosh are marked by keen insight as well as clearness of statement, and he belongs to the Scottish or common sense "school of philosophy. The most important of his works are The Methods of Divine Government, Physical and Moral; Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation; Intuitions of Mind Inductively Investigated; An Examination of Mills' Philosophy; Laws of Discursive Thought; Logic; Christianity and Positivism; A Work on Scottish Philosophy, besides papers on education and the relation of science to religion. In 1888 he resigned his office as president, to give his attention more closely to philosophical writing, and has since published First and Fundamental Truths and Religious Aspect of Evolution. Macdonald (mäk - dõ - näl'), ETIENNE JACQUES JOSEPH ALEXANDRE, MARSHAL OF FRANCE, was born Nov. 17, 1765, at Sancerre. He entered the army in 1784, and became a general in 1795, after having distinguished himself at Jemappes and also by crossing the Waal on the ice under the fire of the enemy. In 1800 and in 1801 he commanded the army of reserve in Switzerland, but in 1805 he lost the favor of Napoleon by his support of Moreau. Four years later, however, Napoleon placed him in command of the right wing of the army of Italy, and he so distinguished himself at the battle of Wagram that he was created marshal and also duke of Tarentum. In 1813 he was defeated by Blücher at the Katzbach, and at the battle of Leipsic he assisted to cover the retreat of the French. He adhered firmly to Napoleon until his abdication; but during the "hundred days" refused to take any command under him. He lived in honorable retirement at Courcelles, near Guise, until his death, which took place Sept. 24, 1840. See Consulate and the Empire, by Thiers. Macdonald (mak-don'-ald), FLORA, a Scottish heroine, was born in the Isle of South Uist, one of the Hebrides, in the year 1722. She lost her father at the age of two years, and four years later MCDONOUGH 733 MCDUFFIE ain, he commanded a squadron on Lake Champlain, and gained a decided victory over a British squadron under command of Commodore George Downie. For this service he was promoted to the rank of captain and was presented with a gold medal by congress. The legislature of Vermont also gave him an estate overlooking the scene of the engagement. He died at sea Nov. 16, 1825. McDowell, IRVIN, a United States soldier, born in Franklin county, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1818. He graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1838; and during the Mexican war was brevetted captain for his gallant conduct at the battle of Buena Vista. At the opening of the civil war in 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general, and placed in command.of the army organized for an advance upon Richmond. His plan of the battle of Bull Run was without fault, and his conduct all that could be desired in a general; but he was unable to arrest the retreat of his troops when they became panic-stricken in the afternoon; and for some time after McDowell was made the object of severe and unjust criticism. He was afterwards placed in command of an army corps under McClellan and Pope, and was with the latter at the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 29-30, 1862. He died at San Francisco, May 5, 1885. her mother married Hugh Macdonald, | during the second war with Great Britof Armadale, in the Island of Skye, Flora, however, was left behind in Uist for a number of years, and obtained three years' schooling at Edinburgh. After the defeat of Prince Charles Edward Stuart at Culloden, in the spring of 1746, under the disguise of "Betty Burke, the Irishwoman," he was conducted by Flora from Ormiclade, in Beubecula, to Monkstadt in Skye, and thence by way of Kingsburgh to Portree, where the prince was committed to the care of Macdonald of Kingsburgh. They encountered great dangers, but Flora's wit and courage saved the young prince from capture and brought their voyage to a successful issue. She was soon after arrested by the government for her part in this affair, and held in mild captivity for about a year, during which she received a great deal of honor and attention from leading Jacobites. In 1750 she married the son of Macdonald of Kingsburgh, and became the mother of several children. They moved to North Carolina in 1774, and when the revolutionary war broke out, her husband was commissioned a brigadier-general in the British serviceher five sons were also British officers. Flora returned to Scotland in 1779 with her younger daughter, and during the voyage took part in an engagement between the vessel in which she sailed and a French privateer. Two years later she was joined by her husband in Scotland, where they lived until her death, which took place in a neighbor's house at Peinduin, March 5, 1790. She was buried at Kilmuir in one of the sheets of the bed in which Prince Charles Edward slept the night he passed at Kingsburgh. Dr. Johnson, who was entertained by Flora in 1773, describes her as a woman "of middle stature, soft features, gentle manners and elegant presence.' He also says that "her name will be mentioned in history, and if courage and fidelity are virtues, mentioned with honor." See Autobiography. Macduff, a Scottish nobleman, and one of the leading characters in Shakespeare's immortal play of Macbeth. McDuffie, GEORGE, a South Carolina statesman, born in Columbia county, Georgia, in 1788. He began the practice of law in Edgefield, South Carolina, in 1814, and four years later was elected a member of the state legislature. In 1821 he became a member of congress, and during the years he served in that body distinguished himself as an opponent of the protective tariff and an advocate of state rights. He retired from congress in 1834, after a bitter and vehement speech against the administration of President Jackson, and in the same year he was elected governor of South Carolina. When his term of office expired he retired to private life, but in 1842 he was chosen United States senator by the legislature of the state. Failing health comDe-pelled him to resign this office in 1846. which was the termination of his public career. He died March 11, 1851. McDonough (mak-don'-oh), THOMAS, an American naval officer, born in Delaware, Dec. 23, 1783. He became a midshipman in the navy in February, 1800, and belonged to the crew of the frigate Philadelphia, which was one of the squadron employed against Tripoli in 1803. He afterward served in the Enterprise, commanded by catur, and participated in the various attacks upon Tripoli in 1804. In 1814, Mace, the aril or inner covering of the nutmeg. It is blood-red, and somewhat fleshy when fresh. It is prepared for market by drying for some days in the sun. Mace is used as a spice, and its flavor is very similar to that of the nutmeg. It is imported chiefly from Penang and Singapore, where it is received from the Spice Islands. Macedonia, originally the name of a small country in Europe, lying north of Thessaly and the Ægean Sea. Perdiccas I., about 700 B. C., is reputed | to be the first king of Macedon, but it was not until the accession of Philip, 359 B. C., that the power of Macedon began to be felt by Greece and other nations. Philip applied himself very vigorously to developing the resources of his kingdom, and laid the foundations of the greatness it afterwards assumed. His son Alexander the Great conquered Persia and brought half the known world under his sway; but a few years after his death the Macedonian empire was divided into four kingdoms under his principal generals. In 168 B. C., Macedonia was conquered by the Romans, and twenty-five years later was made a Roman province. The country is now under the dominion of Turkey. Macfarren ( m a k- få r' - e n), SIR GEORGE ALEXANDER, English musical writer and composer, was born in London, March 2, 1813. He was educated at the Royal Academy of Music, and became a professor in that institution in 1834. In 1875 he was appointed principal of the academy, and also professor of music at Cambridge University. He was knighted in 1883, and died Oct. 31, 1887. Macfarren's musical works are quite numerous; but he stands higher as a writer on the theory of music than as a musical composer-his aim being to revive the old English music in modern opera. Macgregor, JOHN, English canoeist and philanthropist, was born at Gravesend, Jan. 24, 1825. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with high honor in 1847. His love of travel caused him to make a tour through Europe, Egypt and Palestine in 1849-'50, and a few years later he also visited Canada and the United States. The rise of canoeing in England since 1850 has been largely due to his influence and example. In 1866 he published an account of a canoe journey under the title of A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, | MACHIAVELLI which was followed by narratives of canoe voyages on the Baltic and Zuyder Zee. The profits of his lectures and works, amounting to over £100,000, he turned over to various philanthropic institutions. Machiavelli (mäk-e - ä- vèl' - ee ), NICCOLO DI Bernardo dei, Italian statesman and diplomatist, was born in Florence, May 3, 1469, and died there June 22, 1527. It was during the early years of his life that the Medici fled from Florence, and the republic was established under the influence of the great reformer Savonarola. In 1498 Machiavelli was appointed secretary to the body of ten men chosen to direct the civil and military affairs of the government. This position, which was one of great importance, Machiavelli held for 14 years, during which he was sent on a large number of foreign embassies. On the restoration of the Medici in 1512, he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy, and put to the torture to induce a confession. He denied all knowledge of the conspiracy charged against him, but although released he was obliged for several years to withdraw from public life and betake himself to literature. After the defeat of the French by Charles V., at Pavia in 1525, Machiavelli was very active in arousing his countrymen to resist the advancing army of the Spanish emperor. In May, 1527, the Florentines again drove out the Medici rulers and proclaimed the republic; but Machiavelli was so distrusted by them that he was allowed to take no active part in the movement for liberty. This disappointment, added to his already feeble health, brought on an illness of which he soon died. Machiavelli's writings comprised several volumes, his most important work being Del Principe, commonly called "The Prince." The purpose of this book is to reveal the means by which princes and rulers may maintain authority over their subjects; and the author boldly lays down the doctrine that in order to sustain their power rulers may use all possible means, including fraud and treachery. The principles taught in this book may be traced in a large measure to the peculiar nature of European politics in Machiavelli's time, but it nevertheless reveals a defect of moral sense in the author that is all the more to be deplored on account of his great talents and great services to the state. See Life by Villari; Florentine History, by Napier. |