of mountains, in the shape of a horseshoe, known as the Washburne mountains, occurs in the middle of the park, the highest peak of which has an elevation of 10,000 feet. The Red mountains are in the southern part, their culminating peak, Mount Sheridan, being likewise about 10,000 feet in height. The park has an abundant rainfall and its streams are numerous and bold. Within its area are the sources of the Yellowstone and the Madison, which go to make up the Missouri, and of the Snake, one of the forks of the Colorado. It also contains many beautiful lakes and ponds. Yenesei, one of the largest rivers of Siberia, formed by the junction of the Onlon-Keme and the Bey-Keme, which rise in the mountains on the southern border of the country. It flows northward through the center of Siberia into the Arctic ocean, forming at its mouth a long estuary. In the earlier part of its course it is interrupted by falls and rapids, but afterwards flows through a great plain or steppe, receiving many tributaries, its total length being over 3,000 miles. Yesso, or JESSO, the most northerly of the four principal islands which compose the empire of Japan. This island is mountainous with volcanoes; it is rich in fine timber and valuable minerals, especially coal, and the rivers and coasts abound in fish. Area, 35,000 square miles. Population, 140,000. YORK Yonge, Charlotte Mary, English novelist, was born in Hampshire county, England, in the year 1832. The novel by which she is best known, although she has published several others, is The Heir of Redclyffe. She is said to have devoted large sums accumulated from the sale of her writings to the aid of religious missions in New Zealand. Yonkers, a city of Westchester county, New York, on the Hudson river, immediately north of New York City. It was incorporated as a village in the year 1855; and in 1872 the town was divided, the northern portion becoming the city of Yonkers and the southern portion becoming a part of the city of New York. Population, 31,945. York, a city of Pennsylvania, on Codorus creek, 100 miles west of Philadelphia, and 60 miles from Baltimore. The Northern Central railroad passes through the city, and it is also the western terminus of the Peachbottom railroad. Among its manufactories are car shops, a shoe factory, the Codorus paper mills, etc. In addition to public schools it contains an academy for boys and a collegiate institute for both sexes. The continental congress sat here during the British occupancy of Philadelphia in the revolutionary war. Population, 20,849. York, a city of England, situated at the junction of the Ouse and Foss rivers, nearly equidistant from London and Edinburgh. York is the most ancient of British cities. Before the Roman invasion it was one of the chief towns of the Brigantes, the most numerous and powerful of the British tribes; and during the Roman domin Yew, a tree with a large trunk, branching a few feet above the ground, and forming a large and dense foliage. It attains an age of 300 or 400 years, and its wood has been used from the earliest times for making bows, being preferred to every other kind. The fruit is red, and was long reputed poi-ion it was a city of the first importance. sonous, but the pulpy part is not so; the seed, however, is a dangerous poison. The leaves are a potent narcotic, and although they are sometimes given as a vermifuge, their use is attended with danger. Here Hadrian lived and Severus died. Here, too, died Constantine Chlorus, and, as many suppose, here Constantine the Great was born. When the Roman emperors visited Britain, York was their chosen residence, as it was the residence of the imperial legates when the emperors were absent. The first English parliament was held at York in 1160 by Henry II., and in the immerap-diate neighborhood of the city Fairfax conquered Prince Rupert on Marston Moor during the civil war. The city and castle, already besieged, surren dered to the parliamentary forces a few weeks after. The educational institutions of York are both numerous and useful. Notable among them are St. Yokohama (yō-kō-hä'-mä), a town of Japan in the island of Niphon. In 1854 it was only a small fishing village, but after it supplanted Kanagawa as the treaty port of Yedo in 1859 it idly increased. Since the recent changes in the policy of the Japanese government, great improvements have been made and broad and cleanly streets have taken the place of the former narrow and dirty thoroughfares. Population, 115,012. Peter's school, founded in 1557; Arch- | bishop Holgate's free school, dating from Henry VIII.; the Blue Coat school for boys and the Gray Coat school for girls, and the Yorkshire school for the blind, conducted in a palace originally built for the lord president of the council of the north. Population, 54,198. York, a river of Virginia formed by the Pamunkey and Mattapony, flowing southeast to the Chesapeake bay, nearly opposite Cape Charles. It is 40 miles long and from one to three miles wide. York, HOUSE OF, was founded by Richard, duke of York, who claimed the throne of England in opposition to Henry VI. but never succeeded to it himself. After seeking for many years to correct the weaknesses of Henry's government, Richard first took up arms against the ill advisers who were his personal enemies, and at length claimed the crown in parliament as his right. A compromise was proposed that Henry should retain his crown during his life, and the duke and his heirs should succeed after Henry's death. This was accepted by both Henry and Richard, but the act passed to that effect was repudiated by Queen Margaret and her followers, and the duke was slain at the battle of Wakefield soon after. In little more than two months, however, Richard's son was proclaimed king in London as Edward IV. and the bloody victory of Towton soon after drove his enemies into exile, and prepared the way for his coronation. Edward reigned from 1461-'83, when his eldest son, Edward V., after a nominal reign of two months and a half, was put aside and murdered by his uncle, Richard III. Richard then became king; but in a little more than two years was defeated and slain at Bosworth by Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, who was crowned as Henry VII. and whose marriage with the daughter of Edward IV. united the houses of York and Lancaster. Yorktown, a city of Virginia, on the York river, 10 miles from its mouth and about 60 miles from Richmond. Yorktown is noted for the surrender of Lord Cornwallis and his army to Washington in the year 1781, which was the virtual close of the revolutionary war, and for the unsuccessful siege of the place made by General McClellan in the spring of the year 1862. Yosemite (yō-sem'-i-te), a valley in Mariposa county, California, on the YOUNG western side of the Sierra Nevada, about 150 miles from San Francisco, unequaled for the grandeur and magnificence of its scenery. It is seven or eight miles long and about a mile wide, and is about a mile below the level of the surrounding region. Of its various waterfalls the Bridal Veil is particularly noted for its beauty, and also for its height, which is nearly 1,000 feet. This valley, which was first entered by white men in 1855, is now attracting visitors every year from all parts of the world. Perhaps nowhere else on the face of the earth is there such a remarkable combination of beauty and sublimity. Youmans, EDWARD L., a distinguished American scientist, was born at Coeymans, New York, June 3, 1821, and although suffering for some years with almost total blindness, pursued his studies in physics and chemistry with the most marked zeal and proficiency, his sister conducting experiments for him. Among the works for which he is distinguished are Class Book of Chemistry, Correlation and Conservation of Forces, Alcohol and the Constitution of Man, Handbook of Household Science, The Culture Demanded by Modern Life, etc. In 1872 he established The Popular Science Monthly, a magazine which has attained a very wide circulation in both America and Europe. He died Jan. 18, 1887. Young, BRIGHAM, the noted head of the Mormon church, was born at Whittingham, Vermont, June 1, 1801. In 1832 having become a convert to Mormonism he was made an elder of the church, and began to preach at the Mormon settlement at Kirkland, Ohio. Three years later he was sent as a missionary to the New England states, where he succeeded in making quite a number of converts. After the death of Joseph Smith at Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1844, Young was chosen president in his place. In 1848 he led his followers to Utah and founded Salt Lake City, where for several years he reigned supreme and bade defiance to the United States government in its efforts to abolish polygamy. He died Aug. 29, 1877, leaving a fortune of $2,000,000 to be divided among 17 wives and 56 children. Young, EDWARD, English poet, was born at Upham, in Hampshire, in the year 1684, of which parish his father was then the rector. He was educated at Winchester School and afterwards Young Men's Christian AsSOCIATION. This is an organization having a branch in most of the leading cities (and some smaller towns) in the United States, Great Britian and other countries, whose special object is to promote the welfare of young men. The condition of active membership in this organization is membership in some evangelical church; but young men not members of churches are admitted as associate members, and are entitled to all the privileges of the association, except a voice in the election of its officers. In addition to various religious services the association generally provides a library and readingroom (open to the public),a gymnasium, bath-room, lectures, special instruction, proper amusements, etc.; and its power for good has been demonstrated so clearly as to command universal recognition. The first association organized in the United States was in Boston in the winter of 1851-'52, but on account of the civil war the growth of the institution hardly began until the year 1866. In 1892 the number of associations reported was 1,373, with a membership of 227,090; their buildings aggregated $11,902,520 in value; the contributions for annual current expenses amounted to nearly $2,000,000; and their libraries contained 472,549 volumes. Youngstown, a city in northeastern Ohio, on the Mahoning river about 60 miles from Cleveland and the same distance from Pittsburgh. Being situated in the midst of a coal and iron region it has become a very important manufacturing center, having several rolling mills, blast furnaces, etc. Population, 33,199. Young Women's Christian ASSOCIATION is an organization which seeks to help young women by providing for their physical, social, mental and spiritual wants. The means used are Bible training classes, evangelical meetings, personal religious work, libraries and reading rooms, classes in YUMAS various studies, and musical and literary entertainments, socials and receptions in home-like rooms, helpful companionships and holiday excursions, and there is a special department for young women of colleges. In 1891 there were 1,000 associations in Great Britain; 50 on the continent of Europe; 20 in India; 25 in Australia; 225 in Âmerica; other places, including China and Japan, 175; total in the world, 1,500. The membership in America is 12,000. The international association was formed in 1886. The work is controlled by an international committee of twenty-seven members. Thirteen states had organized state associations in 1891. The state associations hold conventions yearly and the international convention meets every two years. The Evangel is a monthly organ of the associations published at Chicago. Ypsilanti, a city of Michigan on the Michigan Central railroad, 30 miles west of Detroit. It is chiefly noted as the location of the Michigan State Normal School, one of the leading educational institutions of the country. Pop., 6,128. Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, bounded on the west and north by the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Caribbean sea, and on the south by Guatemala. The east coast is indented with numerous bays, some forming excellent harbors. The face of the country is low and level except in the east where there is a chain of hills extending from northeast to southwest. The only important river is the Usumasinta. The soil in some portions is very fertile, yielding abundant crops of maize, rice, tobacco, sugar cane and other agricultural products. The area of the peninsula is 58,748 square miles. Population, 502,731. Yukon, a river rising in the British possessions and flowing through Alaska into the Atlantic ocean at Norton sound, its total length being about 2,000 miles. Yuma, the southwestern county of Arizona territory, lying directly north of Mexico. It is intersected by the Gila river and it is separated from California by the Colorado. The valleys, when irrigated, are fertile, but the rest is desert. Yuma, the county seat, stands on the east bank of the Colorado river. Yumas, a tribe of American Indians, very small in number, occupying the territory on both sides of the Colorado, near its junction with the Gila. Z ZACATECAS-ZANZIBAR Zacatecas (zāk-a-tā'-kas), capital | time. The Victoria Falls are estimated of the Mexican state of that name, is to be about 2,500 feet above the sea situated in a deep valley or ravine, something over 300 miles from the City of Mexico. It is built over a vein of silver which has been deeply explored. The streets are rather narrow and crooked, but it has a fine appearance from a distance, owing to the size and massiveness of its churches, and the elegance of many of its residences. Population, 30,000. level, while Lake Shirwa, a smaller lake southeast of Nyassa, is 2,000 feet. The natives inhabiting the coast region drained by the Zambesi are of the pure negro type, while the Makololo, who were found in the central and upper country, belong to the Betjuana family. According to Major Pinto this tribe has now ceased to have a separate existOn the upper Zambesi Pinto discovered a tribe of Ethiopian origin, of a yellowish white color. The Zulu tribe, who inhabit the high region dividing the Limpopo from the Zambesi basin, have overrun and conquered nearly all the tribes south of them. ence. Zanesville, a city of Ohio, on both sides of the Muskingum, at the mouth of the Licking, 55 miles east of Columbus, is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, and is crowded with man prises. Having fine railroad and river facilities, it is a prosperous and busy city. It has rolling mills, blast furnaces, brass and iron foundries, glass and soap factories, flour, woolen and paper mills, railroad and other machine shops, and tile works for roofing and flooring. In addition to fine public schools, it is the seat of the Putnam Female Seminary, and a Catholic institution. Zanesville was settled in 1799, and was the state capital from 1810 to 1812. Population, 21,117. Zambesi (zam-bā'-ze) River And REGION. The extensive region in southeast Africa known to medieval geographers under the general name of the empire of Monomotapa, is shown on old maps as drained by a river called Zambese or Zambere, which is plainly the modern Zambesi. Although the lower region of the Zambesi for a distance of at least 300 miles from its mouth has been nominally in possession of the Portuguese since the begin-ufactures and other businesss enterning of the 16th century, yet it is only within the last half of the 19th century, through the reports of Dr. Livingstone and other explorers, that we have any definite knowledge of this vast region, the total length of which can not be less than 1,200 miles. The river bears the name of Zambesi from its mouth to its junction with the Chobe; thence to its junction with the Leeba, coming from Lake Dilolo, it is called the Leeambye. Part of the upper basin of the Zambesi was explored by Major Serba Pinto in 1878-79. In the region where Zanzibar or Zanguebar, a the Leeba joins the Leeambye, the sultanate comprising all that part of main stream is 200 or 300 yards wide, the east coast of Africa between Magdaand quite deep. From the confluence shova, situated in 20 north latitude, to Victoria Falls there are many long and Cape Delgado, in 10° 42′ south latitracts that could easily be plied by tude, the extent of the coast being large steamers. Lake Dilolo, from about 1,000 miles. Parallel to the coast which the Leeba flows, seems to have an are numerous islands, the most imporoutlet both to the north and the south, tant of which are Zanzibar, Pemba and the northern outlet probably running Monfia. The territories toward the ininto one of the tributaries of the Con- terior have no defined limit, being ocgo. Large areas in this region are lia-cupied by heathen tribes, over whom ble to be flooded and to stand under the sultan has hardly even a nominal water for considerable periods at a authority beyond the seaboard. The island of Zanzibar, about 50 miles in length and from 15 to 30 miles in breadth, is the most important of the sultan's dominions. It contains an area of some 400,000 acres, and the soil in most parts is exceedingly fertile. The principal products are cocoanuts, cloves, rice, sugar cane, fruits, etc. The population of the island is estimated at 100,000. The soil along the coast is fertile in rice, millet, peas, beans, melons, pumpkins, sugar cane, cocoanuts, bananas, etc., and the forests supply many valuable species of timber. Cattle, sheep and fowls are plentiful, and wild | animals also abound. The heat on the coast is excessive, and the climate is unfavorable to Europeans and Americans. Zebra, a striped quadruped, somewhat similar to the horse in size and shape, a native of the mountainous districts of South Africa. The zebra is about 12 hands high at the shoulder. It has a light and graceful form, with slender limbs and narrow hoofs; the head light with ears rather long and open; the ground color white, or slightly tinged with yellow; the head, neck, body and legs striped with black. The zebra lives in small herds and in the most secluded spots. Its senses of sight, smell and hearing are very acute, and the least alarm will cause a whole herd to seek retreat in the mountains with the greatest possible haste. When attacked and compelled to defend themselves, however, the herd will form in a compact body, with their heels to the enemy, often repelling even lions and leopards with their vigorous kicks. The flesh of the zebra is eaten by the natives of South Africa. Zebu, INDIAN OX, or BRAHMIN OX, is a kind of ox very similar to the common ox, its most distinctive feature being a large fatty hump on the back above the shoulders, the lump of the largest breeds being sometimes as much as 50 pounds in weight. The zebu is used in India both as a beast of burden and of draught. It can travel 20 or 30 miles a day, and is very gentle and docile. The sacred bulls of the Hindus all belong to this species of ox. They are caressed and pampered by the people, and to feed them is deemed an act of piety and merit. They may go where they please, and it is not lawful to beat them, no matter what mischief or damage they may cause. They soon learn to despise shouting, which is the ordinary expedient to drive them away, and make themselves at home everywhere. ΖΕΝΟ Zechariah, one of the ancient Hebrew prophets, was born in Babylonia during the captivity, and accompanied the exiles on the return to Jerusalem under Zerubbabel and Joshua. Very little is known of his history, but there is enough to show that he was a man of great influence, and combined in himself the offices of priest and prophet. The prophecies of Zechariah may be divided into three parts. The first eight chapters consist mainly of a series of visions relating to the building of the temple and the glory that shall follow to Jerusalem; the second portion, chapters ix-xi, threatens Damascus and Phoenicia with ruin, predicts that Judah will be greater than Javan (Greece), and that both Egypt and Assyria will be humbled; while the remaining portion sets forth that dark times are before Judah, which shall be as an ordeal for the nation, after which a millennium of holiness will be ushered in. "In that day there shall be upon the bells of the horses, Holiness unto the Lord; and the pots in the Lord's house shall be like the bowls before the altar. Yea every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah shall be holiness unto the Lord of hosts." Zeisberger, DAVID, a Moravian missionary, born in Moravia, April 11, 1721, and after emigrating to America and living in Georgia a number of years, became one of the founders of the Moravian colony at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the year 1740. Soon after this he became a missionary to the Indians, laboring among them very zealously at various places in the state. In 1772 he explored the Tuscarawas valley in Ohio, and laid out a town about ten miles from the present town of Canal Dover in that state, being joined soon after by a number of Moravian Indians from Pennsylvania. In 1781 this settlement was broken up, and Zeisberger and his Indians were compelled to move to Sandusky, but in 1798 when congress granted to the Moravian Indians the tract on which they had formerly lived on the Tuscarawas, a portion of them returned and formed a new settlement, which they named Goshen, where Zeisberger died Nov. 17, 1808. Zend-Avesta. See LITERATURE, PERSIAN. Zeno, founder of the Stoic philosophy, was born at Citium in Cyprus, the date of his birth and death being both uncertain. He flourished in the |