held at Rome under circumstances of great excitement, owing to the apprehensions of the populace that a French pope would be elected and Rome again abandoned. Prignano was crowned under the title of Urban VI., but immediately afterward twelve French cardinals assembled at Anagni and revoked his election, declaring that they had voted for him under fear of violence. They were joined by three Italian cardinals, and then proceeded to elect the cardinal bishop of Cambray pope under the title of Clement VII. Clement took up his residence at Avignon, but Urban remained at Rome, where he appointed a number of new cardinals, and excommunicated Clement and his adherents. The result was that Urban was recognized as lawful pope by one portion of the church and Clement by the other, each maintaining his claim by extreme measures. Urban was besieged by Charles, king of Naples, at Novara, whence he withdrew to Genoa, taking with him, as prisoners, the cardinals of his party with whom he had quarreled, several of whom he is said to have put to death. He died in 1389 from injuries sustained in a fall from

his horse.

Urban VIII., the successor of Gregory XV., whose family name was Maffeo Barberini, was born at Florence, in 1568, and after many years of service in various capacities was elected pope in September, 1623. His memory has suffered through the imputation of nepotism; but his pontificate was, on the whole, vigorous and enlightened. He was the founder of the celebrated College of the Propaganda, and to him Rome is indebted for many public works, including large and important additions to the Vatican library. His pontificate was also distinguished by the acquisition of the duchy of Urbino to the Holy See in the year 1626. He died in 1644, and was succeeded by Innocent X.

Urbana, a town in Champaign county, Illinois, noted as the seat of the University of Illinois, a thoroughly equipped institution of learning with a large corps of professors and instructors and about 600 students in its various departments. Population, 3,987.

Urbino (oor - bee' - no), in Central Italy, is situated between the rivers Metauro and Foglia, 20 miles southwest of Pesaro. It has a magnificent palace, once the residence of the dukes of Urbino, where was the famous library of

URSULA

the Della Rovere family, afterwards removed to the Vatican. Another handsome palace is that of the Albini, a family who gave a pope to the church, who took the name of Clement XI. Urbino is the birthplace of Raphael, and became a part of the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Population, 8,000.

Urim and Thummim, a mysterious contrivance on the breastplate of the Jewish high priest, either consisting of the four rows of precious stones upon which the names of the twelve tribes were engraved, or of two images personifying-most probably-“Truth” and "Revelation." Others assert that the words personified by these images were "Light" and "Perfection," and still others that they were "Doctrine" and "Judgment." The consulting of the Urim and Thummim as an oracle was a very solemn ceremony with the Jews, but it is never mentioned after Solomon's time.

Ursa Major (“Greater Bear"), one of the two celebrated constellations of stars in the northern hemisphere of the heavens, including the seven stars known as "the Dipper." Ursa Major was distinguished as early as the time of Homer by the names Arktos, "the Bear," and Hamara, “the Wagon," the vivid imagination of the Greeks noticing a resemblance be tween these objects and. the group of stars in the constellation. The Romans called these seven stars 66 the Seven Plowing Oxen."

Ursa Minor ("Lesser Bear"), is another northern constellation, containing the north star and the group known as "the Dog's Tail," from the partial circle resembling the curl of a dog's tail formed by three of the stars in it.

Ursula, ST., a female saint and martyr, especially honored in Germany and Cologne, the place of her reputed martyrdom, the time of her martyrdom being variously assigned to the third, the fourth and the fifth centuries. According to the legend she was the daughter of Deonatus, a British king, and on account of her beauty was sought in marriage by the son of a pagan prince. Fearing that she might bring ruin upon her father by a refusal, she consented to marry the young man, but made it a condition that she should be allowed three years, during which she proposed in company with her ten maidens, to each of whom as well as herself should be assigned a

thousand companions (making 11,000 in all) to make a voyage of pious pilgrimage. The maidens were accordingly collected from all parts of the world, and the expedition set sail from the British coast. Arriving at the mouth of the Rhine, they sailed up the river to Cologne, and thence to Basel, where, leaving their galleys, they proceeded by land to visit the tombs of the Apostles at Rome. This pilgrimage accomplished, they returned down the river to Cologne, which had meanwhile fallen into the hands of an army of Huns, under the leadership of a chief, who, although not named, is plainly the Attila of history. Landing at Cologne, in ignorant security, the pious virgins fell into the hands of these barbarians, by whom they were all seized and put to death. A host of angel warriors, however, interposed and smote the cruel Huns; and in gratitude to their martyred intercessors the citizens erected a church on the site now occupied by the Church of St. Ursula.

Ursulines, a religious order of females in the Roman Catholic church, taking their name from the saint and martyr who forms the subject of the above article. They take their origin from Angela Merici, who, early in the 16th century, formed at Brescia an association of young women who fully devoted themselves to the care of the sick, the instruction of children, and the relief of the poor. In the year 1565 a house was opened at Cremona and the order spread over several dioceses in Italy. Soon afterwards it was established in France, where one of its members was the celebrated sister Madeline St. Beuve. It was in France that the sisters added to their vows the instruction of female children, which has since formed the most marked characteristic of their order.

Uruguay (u'-roo-gwa) is a small state of South America, bounded on the north and northeast by Brazil, on the east and southeast by the Atlantic, on the south by the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic ocean, and on the west by the Argentine Republic, from which it is separated by the Uruguay river. Its greatest length and greatest breadth are each a little over 300 miles, the total area being about 70,000 square miles. The interior of Uruguay is very imperfectly known. In the south the country is a sort of terraced upland with a treeless coast line possessing some

URUMIAH

excellent harborage, while the shores facing the Atlantic are low and sandy. The climate is mild; rain falls quite copiously in winter, but is very rare in summer. Agriculture is in a backward state in spite of the natural richness of the soil. The wealth of the country consists mainly in its pasturage, which supports large herds of cattle, horses and sheep, the wool of Uruguayan sheep being of a superior quality. Uruguay was originally settled by Španish colonists from Buenos Ayres on the other side of the La Plata; but the territory which forms the natural limit of Brazil on the south was claimed by Portugal, and a war ensued between the two nations for its possession, which terminated in favor of Spain. The independence of Uruguay was secured by treaty in the year 1828, but like most South American republics, it has suffered incessantly from internal discords.

Uruguay, a river of South America, rises in southern Brazil, flows westward a little less than 100 miles, and then southward, forming a boundary line between the Argentine Republic on the west, and Brazil and Uruguay on the east, and unites with the Parana to form the La Plata in 34° S. latitude, its total length being about 1,000 miles. It chief branch is the Rio Negro.

Urumiah (oo-roo-mee'-a), a town of Persia, situated ten miles west of Lake Urumiah, in a wide and fertile plain, is surrounded with a mud wall, but has no gates. Extensive fruit and vegetable gardens are situated both within and without the walls. The houses of the richer classes are lofty and spacious, and many of those of the poor are adorned with flowers and vines. The city is the seat of a Nestorian bishop and of an American Presbyterian mission, which is in a very prosperous condition. The city is said to have been the birthplace of Zoroaster, founder of the religion of ancient Persia, and has a population of some 50,000.

Urumiah, the principal lake of Persia, is about 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, and nowhere exceeds 20 or 25 feet in depth. It is about 80 miles in length, with an average width of about 25 miles. Its waters are largely impregnated with salts, and are so heavy as to be little ruffled by the strongest wind. No fish are found in it, although several rivers empty into the lake. Its average depth is only about 12 feet, and it is fast drying up,

will be entirely removed. The popula- | tion of Utah by the census of 1890 was 207,903; that of Salt Lake City, its capital, was 45,840.

Utahs or Utes, a tribe of Indians formerly roaming over Utah, Colorado and New Mexico, but now occupying a reservation in Colorado. Their number is about 15,000.

Utica, an ancient city of Africa, near the bay of Carthage, and a short distance from the city of Tunis. The Tyrians are said to have founded it 287 years before Carthage was built. It was an ally of Carthage in her early wars with Rome. But in the third Punic war, Utica made an early and separate submission to Rome, and when Carthage fell, was rewarded with a part of her territory, and the Roman governor made his residence there. In the accounts of the struggles between Sulla and Marius and those between Cæsar and Pompey, it is often referred to as an important city. It had an amphitheater which would seat 20,000 people, and an artificial lake on which mimic sea battles were fought. Its water supplies were stored in many immense cisterns, some of which remaining are 136 feet long, 19 feet wide, and 20 or 30 feet deep. Augustus made it a free city. The Vandals conquered it in 439, then the Byzantine emperors recovered and held it till the 8th century, when the Arabs conquered and destroyed it.

Utica, a city of New York on the Mohawk river, about 100 miles from Albany and 45 miles from Syracuse. The city is regularly and handsomely built, and rises from the south bank of the river to an elevation of 150 feet. One of the lunatic asylums of the state is located here, together with a number of other benevolent and charitable institutions. The manufactures of the city amount to several millions annually and comprise a great variety of products. At the period of the Revolutionary war Utica was a frontier trading post, and was also the site of Fort Schuyler, built to guard the settlement

UTRECHT

against the French and Indians. Population, 44,000.

Utopia, is the name given by Sir Thomas More to the imaginary island which he makes the scene of his work entitled Utopia, first published in Latin in 1516, and translated into English by Bishop Burnet. This island, which More represents as having been discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci, is the abode of a happy society, free from all the cares, anxieties and miseries of mankind. In this community all property belonged to the government, no private ownership being allowed; and the wants of all persons were supplied from the common stock. More's work, which is still published, attained a great popularity, and the epithet Utopian is still applied to all plans for the improvement of society that are deemed visionary and impracticable. A counterpart to More's work is found in a production of the present day entitled Looking Backward, by Edward Bellamy.

Utrecht (u' - trekt), a city of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Utrecht, is beautifully situated in a district of rich, grassy meadows, extensive orchards, flower gardens and cultivated fields. It is favorably situated for trade, being the point from which several railroads radiate, and having excellent water communication by way of the old Rhine and the Vecht. Utrecht is one of the oldest cities of the Netherlands, and was probably founded by the Romans. It was here that the union of the northern provinces for the defense of their political and religious freedom against the tyranny of Spain was formed Jan. 23, 1579. Population, 79,166.

Utrecht, TREATY OF. The above named city is chiefly noted for the treaty or treaties of peace concluded in the year 1713 between France and the allied powers-England, Austria, etc.— after the ten years' war relating to the Spanish succession. See Macaulay's essay reviewing Lord Mahon's History of the War of the Succession in Spain.

Y. C.-86.

Vaccination is the process by which the disease termed vaccinia or cowpox, from the Latin word vacca, " a cow," is introduced into the human system to protect it against the attack of the more severe disease of smallpox. In his Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccina, Jenner, the discoverer of this remarkable remedy, establishes the following facts: (1) That this disease when communicated to man is a sure protection from smallpox; (2) that the cowpox alone, and not other eruptions affecting the cow, which might be confounded with it, has this power of protection; (3) that the cowpox may be communicated at will from the cow to man by the hand of the surgeon; and (4) that the cowpox once ingrafted on the human subject may be transferred from person to person, giving each one the same immunity from smallpox as was enjoyed by the person infected directly from the

COW.

Valencia, an ancient city and seaport of Spain, and formerly its capital, stands on the shores of the Mediterranean, 300 miles from Madrid by railway. The Huerta, 35 square miles in extent, which surrounds the city, resembles an immense orchard, and is watered by an intricate network of pipes and rivulets laid down by the Moors 800 years ago, and answering its purpose down to the present day. There are numerous picture galleries in the city, in the chief of which only the productions of the great Valencian school are to be seen. The custom house, dating from 1758, is now the cigar factory, which employs more than 3,000 persons and produces 120,000 pounds of tobacco yearly. The university, with its library of 50,000 volumes, has a large body of students. Valencia is connected with Madrid by rail, and is a famous summer resort of the more prosperous classes. Population, 143,156.

Valencia, a town of Venezuela, South America, in the province of Car

acas, two miles east of Lake Valencia. The city is situated in an exceedingly fertile district, in which cattle and horses are raised in great numbers. Population, 16,000.

Valentine, BASIL, a celebrated German alchemist of whom so little is known that it is even disputed whether he lived in the 12th or 15th century. It has been maintained that he was & monk of the order of St. Benedict in St. Peter's convent at Erfurth; but his name does not appear on the Erfurth list, nor on the general lists at Rome. His works were mostly written in the old Upper-Saxon dialect, and were not printed until 1602, after which many of them were published in the form of French translations.

Valentine or Valentinus, presbyter and martyr, according to the Roman legend, was arrested and thrown into chains at the instance of the emperor Claudius about the year 270 a. D. He was handed over to Calphurnius, who employed one Asterius to win him back to idolatry, but instead of this Asterius was won over to the Christian faith on account of the healing of his blind daughter by Valentine. The saint was kept in prison for a long time, but was finally beheaded. There seems to be no clear reason for connecting Valentine's day (14th February) with this saint.

Valentinian I., emperor of the Western Roman empire from 364 to 375 A. D. As a military officer under Julian and Jovian, he rose to a high position, and on the death of Jovian was chosen emperor by the officers of the army at Nicea. Soon after this he named his brother Valeus as his colleague, and the two brothers divided the empire between them. Valentinian, as emperor of the West, taking Italy, Illyricum, Spain, Britain, Gaul and Africa. Dur ing Valentinian's reign there were wars in Africa and Germany, and Rome also came in collision with peoples of whom we now hear for the first time-Bur