TYLER 1337 TYNDALL tection, and all limitations of slavery. | Critos, and Demosthenes' De Corona, In 1825 he was chosen governor of Vir- and his other writings on Theology of the ginia, and in 1827 he became United Greek Poets, History of Amherst College, States senator and was again elected etc. in 1833. From this time he acted with the whig party, being an active partisan of Henry Clay, and in 1840 was elected by that party vice president of the United States, with General Harrison as president. The death of President Harrison, a month after his inauguration, made Tyler president in 1841. His administration, at first favorable to the whigs, was soon displeasing to them. He vetoed the bill for a United States bank, at that time a favorite project of the party. Several members of the cabinet resigned, and finally John C. Calhoun, the great democratic statesman, was made secretary of state. The annexation of Texas in 1845, and the passing of a protective tariff law in 1842, were among the important acts of Tyler's administration. In 1861 he was president of the peace convention which met at Washington to effect a compromise between the north and south. He afterwards joined the confederate cause, and was a member of the confederate congress at his death, which occurred in Richmond, Virginia, Jan. 17, 1862. Tyler, WILLIAM SEYMOUR, an American scholar, was born at Harford, Pennsylvania, Sept. 2, 1810. The gift of a Greek grammar by a young minister started the boy on his career as a scholar and teacher. He graduated at Amherst college and studied theology, but accepted the professorship of Latin and Greek in Amherst College in 1836. Besides his work in the college for more than fifty years, where he has been celebrated as a teacher of languages, he is well known for his editions of Greek authors, such as The Germania and Agricola, of Tacitus; Plato's Apology and Y. C.-85. Tyndale, WILLIAM, an English reformer, was born in Gloucestershire, England, about 1484. He studied at Oxford and Cambridge. He began his translation of the New Testament in London, but his sympathy with the reformation becoming known by his bold speech he had to flee, going to Hamburg for a year. The first ten sheets of his New Testament were printed at Cologne, and in 1525, at Worms, two editions were published without his name. This was the first English printed copy of the New Testament. There was a great demand for it in spite of the prohibition of the clergy and the abuse of such men as Sir Thomas More, who wrote seven books against Tyndale. The fifth edition was published in 1529, and in 1534 a revised edition came out with Tyndale's acknowledgment of his work. He also brought out a translation of the Pentateuch, or first five books of the Bible, and wrote The Obedience of a Christian Man. Various plots had been made to arrest him since the first issue of his Testament, by the English government, which at last succeeded in having him taken at Antwerp, where he was imprisoned for eighteen months and then executed, by strangling and burning, at Vilvorden, Oct. 6, 1536. In November, 1866, a memorial to him was erected at his birthplace in Gloucestershire. The common English Testament is based on this translation of Tyndale's. See Life by Demans. Tyndall, JOHN, a British scientist, was born at Leighlin Bridge, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820. He was engaged for about eight years in surveying and engineering, after which he went to the university at Marburg, to study under Bunsen. Here he began his experiments in magnetism, and other scientific subjects, communicating the results to the world through articles in scientific periodicals. In 1853 he became a professor of natural philosophy in the royal institution in London, a position he held for thirty-five years. A visit to the Alps in 1849, resulted in his glacial studies, published under the titles, Glaciers of the Alps, and Hours of Exercise in the Alps. His researches into the nature of heat, which were carried on for ten years, produced his volume on Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion, which made him known at once as one of the first of British scientific investigators. He has also published On Radiation; Sound; Essays on the Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science; Fragments of Science for Unscientific People; Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers; Faraday as a Discoverer, and other works. Ševeral of his books have been translated into different European languages, and the work on Sound has been put into Chinese, by the Chinese government. Tyndall was one of the most popular of scientific lecturers, and a strong advocate of the doctrine of evolution. Died Dec. 4, 1893. Tyng, STEPHEN HIGGINSON, an American clergyman, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, March 1, 1800. He was a graduate of Harvard College and a prominent clergyman of the Episcopal church, having parishes in Georgetown, D. C., in Philadelphia and New York. Besides his great influence in the pulpit and in church work, he was editor for some time of the Episcopal Recorder and Protestant Churchman, and wrote Lectures on the Law and the Gospel; Christ is All; The Captive Orphan; Esther, Queen of Persia; The Prayer Book Illustrated by the Bible, and The Feast Enjoyed. He died in 1885. Type, the name of the metal letters used in printing. They are usually made of an alloy, called type metal, made up of lead, antimony and tin, copper sometimes being added. The antimony gives hardness and the tin toughness to the soft lead, which is the principal metal used. A copper face is sometimes put on the type by the electrotype battery, which makes it last longer. Types were formerly made by hand, but now type-casting machines do the work. The types must be made very accurate, so as to fit so exactly when placed together that they will form a solid body. To do this they are made in molds, into which the hot metal is injected. The letter to be made is cut on the end of a bar of soft steel, and then pressed into a piece of copper by the blow of a hammer, and the copper impression is fitted into the end of the mold and the metal poured on to it, filling up the impression of the letter and the rest of the mold. Types are all of the same height, but of different widths, according to the letter. A full set of types is called a font, or fount, and has the letters in different proportions, as sixty of e, forty-five of t, and forty of a, i, o, etc. Large and TYPEWRITERS small capitals, large and small italics, small letters, figures and punctuation marks are found in a font. Types are of different sizes, called by printers nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois, long primer, pica, etc. Some of the names came from the first maker of the type, and others from the first book printed with that particular kind of type, as brevier from Breviary, and pica from the service of the mass called pica or pic. According to an inscription on a tablet to his memory in Mentz, Gutenberg is credited with making the first printing letters in brass in place of the wooden types first used in printing. The first type founder in America was Christopher Saur, who cast the type used by him in printing a German Bible about 1735. A page of a daily newspaper will sometimes require 150,000 types. Typewriters, machines for writing by movable types instead of the pen. In 1714 a patent was granted in England for a writing machine, and one was invented in France about 1784. The first writing machine patented in America was the Thurber machine in 1843, which worked too slowly to be of general use. Other machines followed, each one introducing improvements and new principles, until in 1873 the Remington was put into practical use. It was the result of experiments made by two printers, Sholes and Souli, whose attention was called to an article in the Scientific American describing a writing machine which had been invented by John Pratt, of Alabama. The first machine was finished in 1867 and used for letter writing. One of these letters brought the new enterprise a friend, Mr. Densmore, of Pennsylvania, who joined with Sholes in perfecting the machine, until in 1873 it passed into the hands of the firm of Remington & Sons, of Ilion, New York. It was first used by professional men and its great advantages for business houses was not thought of until 1882, since which time it has been almost universally adopted, and many different kinds have been introduced. The types are placed on steel arms or bars, each marked with a letter, which are moved by the fingers of the operator, as are the notes of a piano. The paper is carried through by rollers and moved one space with each impression of a letter. The use of the typewriter instead of the pen is estimated to save forty minutes an hour, or over five hours in a day. It will write at the rate of thirteen letters a second, some operators writing more than a hundred words a minute. Typewriting has become a profession, and there are free classes of instruction in many public institutions in the United States. Typhoon. See STORMS. Tyre, a city of ancient Phoenicia, was on the Mediterranean sea. There were two towns of Tyre, one on the mainland of what is now Syria, and the other on an island opposite. It was situated in a fertile region, with magnificent scenery, and was a rich city in the days of Solomon, when Hiram, its king, furnished him with cedar trees, fir trees and gold. It was a naval city at that time also, as it is recorded that Hiram to Solomon sent "shipmen that had knowledge of the sea," and its harbors were among the finest of the period. Carthage was founded by the people of Tyre about 813 B. C., the new colony seeming to have so weakened the old city that it disappears from history, until Shalmaneser, or Sargon according to some writers, king of Assyria, conquers it after a long siege, and Nebuchadnezzar after a thirteen years' siege by water and by land, reduced it only to a partial submission, leaving its ruler on the throne, and its wealth untouched. The city fell before Alexander the Great in 332 B. C., who put in a new colony, under whom the city soon regained its prosperity. When under the Roman power, Tyre was given to Cleopatra by Antony. In the 7th century it came into the hands of the Saracens, until taken by the Crusaders. Its wealth, made by its trade and manufactures, especially that of the renowned Tyrian purple dye, made it a prosperous city until 1516, when the newly discovered route to Asia by the Cape of Good Hope put an end to its commerce. From 3,000 to 4,000 people now live on its site in a village called Sur. Many of the ruins of ancient Tyre have been covered by the sea, but there are tombs found cut in the rocks, and the remains of a Christian cathedral built in 324. Tyrol (tyr'-ol), an Austrian province in the western part of the empire, lies north of Italy and east of Switzerland. It covers 11,325 square miles, and TZARSKOGE is divided into three large valleys, separated by mountain ranges-the Tyrolese or German Alps on the north, the Rhætian Alps in the center, and the Trent Alps on the south. The loftiest peaks in Austria, many of them in the region of perpetual snow, are in the Tyrol. The Brenner pass, the lowest of the great passes of the Alps, is near the center of the province, and on the line of travel between Italy and Germany. The Inn, the Adige and the Rhine on its borders, are the principal rivers. About one-third of the land can be cultivated, the rest being in forest, or in the land of snows. The crops are corn and other grains, and fruit. Goats and sheep are raised, and the chamois, marmots and eagles abound. Gold, iron, copper and coal are found. There is a university at Innsbruck, and other schools in the country. The people are divided into the German Tyrolese in the north and the Italian Tyrolese in the south, and are nearly all Catholics. They are very patriotic, and are noted for their love of home and their national songs. Tyrol under the Romans was a part of Rhætia. It passed back and forth from Bavaria to Austria until 1814, when Austria finally claimed it. In 1809, the insurrection under Andreas Hofer took place, in which men and women fought side by side until hundreds were killed, because their country had been given to Bavaria. Population, 885,789. See Tyrol and the Tyrolese, by Grohman; The Valleys of Tyrol, by Busk. Tzarskoge, SELO or SOFIA, a town in Russia, 15 miles south of St. Petersburg. It is the summer residence of the czar, and was originally a country house of Peter the Great. The palace was built in 1744. The main building is 800 feet long, with large wings in addition. The rooms are very magnificent, finished in gold and amber, and other precious materials. There is a Gothic castle, an arsenal, a smaller palace built by Alexander Í., and a triumphal arch in memory of the Russian victories over Napoleon. It is 18 miles around the grounds, and it keeps 600 persons busy to care for them. Popufation of the town, 12,000. |