APPENDIX

INDIA, &c.

First Settlement, 1611. Empire, 1877. The Secretary of State for India is responsible to Parliament for the government of India; he is assisted by a Council, in whom is invested the authority of the Crown.

In India the supreme authority is vested in the Governor-General or Viceroy, and Council of five or six members appointed by the Crown: one, Commander-inChief; two, Legal; three, Finance; four, Public Works; five and six, Members of Civil Service. For Legislation : twelve additional members nominated by GovernorGeneral, half of whom are officials and half natives. Education: only about fifty-three males and five females in every thousand can read and write.

Throughout India the cities and large towns manage their own local affairs; these municipalities began about 1884; in 1896 there were 750 municipal towns, including 15,693,692 inhabitants.

Madras, Presidency of, founded 1639. Small in extent until 1801, when the annexation of the Carnatic raised it to its present dimension. The Governor is appointed by the Secretary of State, who is assisted for Executive purposes by Council of two; for Legislation, by Council. of twenty-one: one from Madras Corporation; two from Municipal Council; two from District Board; one from Chamber of Commerce; one from University; others appointed by Governor.

Bombay, Presidency of, ceded 1661, as dowry of the Infanta of Portugal to Charles II. Sind conquered in 1843. Aden occupied in 1839. Perim first occupied in 1799, then abandoned, but permanently occupied in 1857. The Governor is appointed by the Secretary of State, who is assisted for Executive purposes by Council of

two; for Legislation, by Council of twenty-one: one from Bombay Corporation; one from other Municipal Corporations; one from District Boards; one from Sandars of Deccan; one from Jaghirdars and Zamendars of Sind; one from Bombay Chamber of Commerce; one from Karache Chamber of Commerce; one from Bombay University. Others by Governors.

Bengal in 1681 was separated from Madras, and was under the charge of Governor-General until 1854, when it was placed under a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by him. For Legislation the Lieutenant-Governor is assisted by Council of twenty one from Calcutta Corporation; two from other Municipal Corporations; two from District Boards; one from Bengal Chamber of Commerce; one from Calcutta University.

North-West Provinces and Oudh. A Lieutenant-Governor was appointed for administration in 1835.

annexed in 1856, which was included in the NorthWest Provinces in 1877. There is a LieutenantGovernor for North-West Provinces, and a Chief Commissioner for Oudh. For Legislation there is a Council of fifteen two from Municipal Corporations; two from District bodies; one from Chamber of Commerce for Upper India; one from Allahabad University.

Punjab, annexed in 1849, has a Lieutenant-Governor and Legislative Council of nine, five officials and four nonofficials.

Burma, Lower Burma, annexed in 1826-1852, Upper Burma in 1885, has a Lieutenant-Governor, with Legislative Council of nine, five officials and four non-officials. Central Provinces, formed out of North-West Provinces and Madras in 1861, has a Chief Commissioner.

Assam, ceded by Burma in 1825; not annexed by Bengal until 1874, when it was made into a separate administration, has a Chief Commissioner.

Berar, placed in British hands by Nizam in 1853; surplus paid to Nizam; administered by Resident at Hyderabad. Ajmere-Merwara, ceded 1818, separate administration in 1888; administered by Agent in Rajputana.

Coorg, annexed in 1834, administered by Resident in Mysore.

British Baluchistan, British since war 1878-81, separate administration in 1888, administered by Agent of Governor-General.

Quetta, &c. Quetta and Bolon are administered on the Khan of Khelat's behalf by British officials.

Independent Baluchistan. The Khan of Khelat, who receives a subsidy from Britain, is at the head of a confederacy of chiefs; but upon all important matters is amenable to the advice of the Agent in British Baluchistan. Andamans, penal settlement since 1858. Native race dying out. Four-fifths of population convict element. Nicobar Islands occupied 1869. Used as convict station until 1888. Administered by Chief Commissioner.

Native States have local self-administration; chiefs no power of peace or war; military force limited.

Ceylon, 1505, settled by Portuguese. Captured 1795-6, from Dutch, annexed to Madras; 1801, constituted separate colony; 1815, whole island became British. Constitution: Governor and Executive Council of five; Legislative Council of seventeen. For general administration the island is divided into nine provinces, each presided over by Government Agent, with assistants and subordinate headmen. Schools unsectarian and free; small fee to learn English. The Maldive Islands, a group of seventeen coral islets, governed by an hereditary Sultan, is a dependency of Ceylon.

Hong-kong, ceded to Great Britain in 1841 by China. The city is the depôt of incessant flow of Chinese emigration. and immigration. Constitution: Governor and Executive Council of eight; Legislative Council of thirteen. (seven official, six unofficial).

Straits Settlements (Singapore, Penang, and Malacca were transferred from Indian Government, April 1, 1867).

Malacca taken from Dutch 1795-1818, and restored. Exchanged for East India Company settlement Bencooden in 1824.

Penang, ceded 1785 by Raja of Kedah for annuity of

6000 dollars; 1805, separate Presidency; 1826, Singapore and Malacca were incorporated; 1836, seat of Government transferred to Singapore. Constitution : Governor and Executive Council; Legislative Council of sixteen (nine official, seven unofficial).

Malay Native States. Residents were appointed in 1874, assisted by staff of English officers to Native States to aid native rulers by advice and to carry out Executive functions.

Labuan, ceded by Sultan of Borneo 1846, then uninhabited; occupied in 1848. 1869, expenditure met by Imperial grant since has been self-supporting. In 1890 was placed under the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo Company.

North Borneo is under the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo Company, incorporated November 1, 1881. English settlement, 1609; abandoned, 1623. Dutch, 1747 and 1776; finally given up in 1790. English settlement, 1762, and a third attempt in 1803, and finally given up by East India Company.

In 1877, Sultan of Brunei and Sulu ceded district to Sir A. Dent, who transferred it to British North Borneo Company. Constitution: territory is administered by Council of Directors in London, appointed by Royal Charter, and a Governor. Treasurer-General and Resident appointed by them.

Sarawak. In 1840 Sir James Brooke established independent State of Sarawak. On June 14, 1888, this State was placed under British protection, with self internal administration-Imperial Government undertaking question of succession and foreign relations. Brunei, the State out of which the territories of the North Borneo Company and the Rajah of Sarawak have been carved, was placed under British protection in 1888, but is still ruled by the Sultan.

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