who imagined that to question the existence of the Popish plot was to question the truth of the Protestant religion. Will man scharf nur das dasein bezeichnen, so empfiehlt sich, very zu gebrauchen: 1, 6: they are mythical persons whose very existence may be questioned. S. 1, 59: the freedom and purity of election are incompatible with the very existence of your house. Hume 3, 215: The first instance of debt contracted upon parliamentary security occurs in this reign. The commencement of this pernicious practice deserves to be noted. . . . The ruinous effects of it are now become but too apparent and threaten the very existence of the nation1). C. 1, 351: it took place before that was in ex. C. 2, 35 a manuscript which is still in ex. 6, 258: They had no corporate existence, sie bildeten keine körperschaft, hatten nicht die rechte einer juristischen person. Vgl. extant: 3, 18: Many of her letters to him are extant. C. 2, 341: the most frightful record . . . that is extant in the world. I, 97: to call into ex. 1, 61: to spring into ex. C. 2, 227: a thousand kindred bubbles were daily blown into ex. C. 2, 295: Newton was ignorant of the ex. of such a planet. Dagegen im volleren sinne: 4, 312: some whose whole ex. from boyhood upwards had been one long rebellion. L. 2, 250: the final cause of my ex. L. 1, 30: the leading object of his ex. 7, 193: He complains that existence was one round of religious exercises. 8, 64: The navy of Lewis gave no sign of existence (kein lebenszeichen).

..

Das syn. being: 5, 38: vigorous action was necessary to the very being of a Highland army; Bülau übersetzt: »Dass kräftiges handeln für das wahre bestehen eines hochlandheeres nothwendig sei. < Das wahre bestehen ist kein Deutsch; richtiger: schon für das (blosse) bestehen, um nur zu bestehen. Acts. 17, 28: For in him we live and move, and have our being; car c'est par lui que nous avons la vie, le mouvement et l'être (nach der übersetzung der brit. Bibelges.). W. E. geben die definition: Being applies to every thing which exists in any way, whether as substance or accident, whether actually or potentially, whether in the nature of things or only in our notions. Nahe dem existence steht subsistence: 1, 34: Public credit on which thousands of families directly depend for subsistence. C, 1, 379: The patronage of the public did not yet furnish

1) Dieses wort Hume's ist lehrreich, es zeigt, wie ein grosser staatsphilosoph sich über staatliche vorkommnisse falsche vorstellungen machen kann. Macaulay giebt seine entgegengesetzte ansicht in dem abschnitt 1, 139 ff.

(dem schriftsteller) the means of a comfortable subsistence. C. 1, 381: the means of subsistence. C. 1, 382: who depended for subsistence on their writings. Vgl. Engl. stud. IV, 321.

Britain Britannia bezeichnete England und den südöstlichen theil Schottlands; Calidonia den nordwestlichen theil Schottlands. Sodann bezeichnete Britannia die ganze insel, und Caledonia das ganze Schottland; man unterschied Britannia romana und Britannia barbara, das land der Picten und Scoten. Britain, gewöhnlicher Great Britain, umfasst England und Schottland, während der ausdruck British Isles auch Irland einschliesst. Cf. Engl. stud. VI, 88. Britannia und Albion sind nur wörter des höheren Stils. S. 2, 106: I care little for the abuse which any foreign press or any foreign tribune may throw on the Machiavelian policy of perfidious Albion. Das adjectiv Britannic »is almost exclusively applied to the title of the King.<< W. 2, 286: His Britannic Majesty. Cf. Bacon's Essays, Prophecies, the trivial prophecy which I heard when I was a child, and Queen Elisabeth was in the flower of her years, was

When hempe is spun
England's done,

whereby it was generally conceived, that after the princes had reigned which had the principal letters of that word hempe (which were Henry, Edward, Mary, Philipp, and Elisabeth) England should come to utter confusion; which, thanks be to God, is veryfied in the change of name; for the King's style is no more of England, but of Britain. << England, Schottland und Irland werden mit dem namen United Kingdom zusammengefasst. Little Britain bezeichnet einen theil Londons 1) 5, 156: pamphlets which covered the counters of Paternoster Row and Little Britain, d. i. der stadttheil des buchhandels. Cf. >> Little Britain« in Wash. Irving's Sketchbook, p. 229 ff.: >> This quarter derives its appellation from having been, in ancient times, the residence of the Dukes of Britanny.« Brittanny ist Bre

tagne C. 2, 271: the rocks of Brittany. 6, 218: Britany. 1, 17: the aboriginal Britons. C. 2, 95 the haughty Britoness. S. 2, 187: They find the Briton better off than the Pole.

she. In der gewöhnlichen sprache werden als weiblichen geschlechts behandelt: regelmässig die schiffe, oft die länder, besonders das vaterland, selten die städte. Ueber die personification im Englischen, siehe Anm. I, 69-70.

1) »Greater London« ist der officielle name, welcher umfasst the Metropolitan and City Police Districts. «

Das

she was destined, elle devait, sie erreichen sollte. hilfszeitwort sollen spielt in der deutschen sprache eine sehr grosse rolle) und es ist oft nicht leicht für den schüler, den richtigen englischen ausdruck zu finden. Ich berücksichtige hier zwei nahverwandte bedeutungen: 1) Wir gebrauchen sollen, um das auszudrücken, was das schicksal, das verhängniss, die gottheit beschlossen hat; also in der vorliegenden bedeutung. Man könnte sagen, mit sollen bildet der Deutsche ein Past Future, d. h. es versetzt in eine vergangene zeit, für welche die betr. vergangene handlung oder das betr. ereigniss zukünftig war. 2) Wir gebrauchen sollen, um das auszudrücken, was der mensch bezweckt, um die absicht zu bezeichnen, welche der mensch bei einer handlung hat. Im ersteren falle gebraucht der Engländer to be destined, fated, decreed, im zweiten falle to be intended, meant, designed. Allerdings findet sich in beiden fällen das einfache to be, aber weil to be in beiden fällen gebraucht wird, kann es keine der zwei bedeutungen haben, und man darf es nur gebrauchen, wenn die eine oder die andere bedeutung sich aus dem Zusammenhang ergiebt. Da die grammatiken wenig oder gar nicht diese zwei bedeutungen, wenigstens nicht den unterschied derselben, berücksichtigen 2), so hoffe ich lehrern einen dienst zu erweisen, wenn ich hier eine grössere anzahl von stellen gebe, die zu übungssätzen für den schüler dienen können.

Zu I C. 2, 20: Liberal studies (das studium der alten classiker) were zealously encouraged by the heads of that very church to which liberal studies were destined to be fatal. C. 2, 39: He expired a martyr to that good cause for which his friend Hampden was destined to meet a more brilliant, but not a more honourable death. C. 2, 24: two great revolutions took place destined to be (welche sein sollten) the parents of many revolutions, the invention of printing and the reformation of the Church. P. 21: He saw the coffin deposited in the transept where his own was destined to be. C. 4, 99: She (The Church of Rome) saw the commencement of all the governments and all the ecclesiastical establishments that now exist in the world, and we feel no assurance that she is not destined to see the end of them all. 3, 8: destined to be the founder of one of the greatest patrician houses of England. C. 4, 140: But the end was

1) Sollen wird in sehr verschiedenen bedeutungen gebraucht, aber ich habe vergebens eine verbindung gesucht, in welcher, wie Sonnenburg, Deutschbein und andere grammatiker angehen, sollen durch to be obliged übersetzt werden könnte.

2) Sonnenburg, 9. aufl. s. 117, sagt geradezu : Wenn sollte bedeutet, dass etwas geschehen musste auf anordnung, befehl, nach göttlicher fügung, so muss das imperfectum von to be mit dem infinitiv gebraucht werden. <<

not yet. Again doomed to Death, the milk-white hind was still fated not to die (sollte noch immer nicht sterben). C. 2, 77: But it was decreed that, at this conjuncture, England should lose the only man, who united perfect dis interestedness to eminent talents.

Zu II S. 1, 260: That law had been intended to guard against two evils, the importation of opium and the exportation of the precious metals. It was found however that as many pounds of opium came in, and that as many pounds of silver went out, as if there had been no such law. 2, 348: This order was intended to prevent the circulation of Protestant treatises. C. 2, 122: The currency was altered. It destroyed all credit and increased the misery, which it was intended to relieve. C. 2, 334: This is all that the Declaration was intended to do. 3, 414: Such words are to be considered, not as words but as deeds. If they effect that which they are intended to effect, they are rational though they may be contradictory. C. 2, 130: The danger against which the Partition Treaty was intended to guard was precisely the same danger which afterwards was made the ground of war. C. 1, 326: a worthy representation of that which it is intended to represent. C. 3, 149: a speech intended to have been spoken, welche hatte gehalten werden sollen. 3, 325: These concessions were meant only to blind the Lords and the nation to the King's real designs. 5, 49: they strongly confirmed the imputation, which they were meant to refute. 6, 158: the conclusion to which these reasonings led him was diametrically opposed to the conclusion to which they were meant to lead him. 5, 8: Indeed there were some who suspected that he had never been quite so pugnacious as he affected, and that his bluster was meant only to keep up his own dignity in the eyes of his retainers. C. 1, 308: many of the letters were not written merely for the person to whom they were directed, but were general epistles meant to be read by a large circle. C. 1, 343: There is every reason to believe that he meant them to be so considered. C. 2, 333: That famous document was never meant to be a measure of reform. It neither contained nor was designed to contain any allusion to those innovations. 5, 209: The rules which had originally been designed to secure faithful representatives against the displeasure of the Sovereign, now operated to secure unfaithful representatives against the displeasure of the people.

To be in der bedeutung von I: C. 4, 107: Under these circumstances it seemed probable that a single generation would suffice

to spread the reformed doctrine to Lisbon, to London, to Naples. But this was not to be. C. 4, 348: In the great Abbey the dust of the illustrious accused should have mingled with the dust of the illustrious accuser. This was not to be. C. 2, 48: After eleven years of suffering, the voice of the nation was to be heard once more. In der bedeutung von II: 7, 36: And of the army by which James was now to be accompained the French formed the least odious part. More than half of that army was to consist of Irish Papists. C. 2, 58: he was to have been secretary of state, er hatte minister werden sollen. Eigenthümlicher art ist das was to be C. 2, 209.

Dass so viele zweige der hilfszeitwörter shall, will, must, may, can, früh abgestorben sind, ist der entwicklung der englischen sprache, scheint mir, sehr förderlich gewesen; die sprache hat dadurch an bestimmtheit des ausdrucks, an klarheit gewonnen, und klarheit ist doch das höchste gesetz im gebiete der sprache.

attain. Macaulay gebraucht dieses verb gern. C. 1, 338: Their great object generally is to ascribe to every man as many contradictory qualities as possible: and this is an object easily attained'). 3, 414 If they fail of attaining their end. Zu diesem verb geben W. und W. E. die folgende bemerkung: »>This word always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with procure or obtain, which do not necessarily imply such an effort. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance (vgl. jedoch die bemerkung zu receive im zweitnächsten satze), but we do not attain it by such means. An inattention to this distinction has led good authors into great mistakes in the use of this word.<< Was Crabb unter To acquire, to attain bemerkt, stimmt mit dieser bemerkung überein. Unter die good authors, die im gebrauch von to attain fehlgegriffen haben, gehört auch Macaulay, denn er schreibt

1) Es ist litterarhistorisch interessant, dass das, was Macaulay an obiger stelle tadelt, ihm selbst von McCarthy vorgeworfen wird: Hist. II, 276: He loved to picture contradictory and paradoxical characters. Nothing delighted him more than to throw off an animated description of some great person who having been shown in the first instance to possess one set of qualities in extreme prominence, was then shown to have a set of exactly antagonistic qualities in quite equal prominence. This was not describing a complex character. It was merely embodying a paradox. It was to »solder close«, as Timon of Athens says, »impossibilities and make them kiss«. There was something too much of trick about this, although it was often done with so much power as to bewilder the judgement of the calmest reader. Es ist auch interessant zu vergleichen, wie die zwei

schriftsteller ein und denselben gedanken ausdrücken. Zur sache vgl. 2, 307: So much is history stranger than fiction; and so true is it that nature has caprices which art dares not imitate.