sporadically of n, in some very doubtful cases; we do not find in roots additions of initial or medial consonants in such a way that the phenomenon may be referred to the primitive and fundamental Aryan. As far as concerns the reduplication it will be sufficient to observe that some so-called roots were produced by means of it from true roots, and should be considered as present-stems, and 50 as intensives which have become general stems. They are for the most part words denoting sounds, as kak (to laugh) from ka-ka, a reduplicated form of the root ka (to utter a sound). We shall have to be less brief with the determinatives' of Fick, or the elements added, as suffixes, to the primary roots which, by means of them, 1 With regard to the reduplication of the Aryan roots Brugman's monograph deserves notice Über die sogenannte gebrochene reduplication in den indogermanischen sprachen (in the Studien zur griechischen und lateinischen grammatik, edited by G. Curtius, vii. 185-216, 273-368). The author notices first of all how rare is complete reduplication, as, e.g., in the Sansc. gar-gar-a-s, in the Gr. μép-μep-o-s, in the Lat. fur-fur: often the first element of the reduplicated form undergoes a phonetic decay by which it becomes a mere prefix (for instance, in the reduplications of the present and the perfect), because the reduplicative syllable had not its own accent, owing both to dissimilation and generally to desire of easier pronunciation. To the two reduplications noted, the complete and the incomplete resembling a prefix, is added a third, an incomplete reduplication in the shape of a suffix, which is found when not the first, but the second element of the reduplicated form experiences a loss either of the initial sound or of the final: in this last Fick rejects absolutely Pott's famous doctrine of the secondary 51 are transformed and multiplied into secondary roots. These elements have been divided by our author into two classes, the first comprising those which for the most part do not alter the sense of the roots, while to the second belong all those others which generally give rise to secondary roots, distinct also in meaning from the primary roots from which they spring. The determinatives of the first class are a, n, m. The a we find, e. g., in the secondary ProtoAryan roots gna (to know) from gan, ja (to go) from i, true present-stems which have become general stems; the " in the primitive gan from ga (to beget), and in several other secondary roots which have come from present-stems in -na-, -nu-; the m in gam from ga (to go), and this suggests the -ma- used in the formation of old participles and infinitives, from which it is probably derived. The determinatives of the second class, which Fick enumerates according to their phonological order, are more numerous. 1st, Determinative in 60 Proto-Aryan roots (e. g. vak [to speak] from va=u [to utter sound], dak [to bite] cf. da [to mangle]): probably identical with the suffix -sk(-ska-) which forms presents. 2nd, Determinative 9 in 24 primitive roots (e. g. in ug=vag [Lat. augere, vigere] roots formed by means of mutilated prefixes, a doctrine already vigorously assailed by G. Curtins (Grundz., etc., pp. 38-52 of Eng.Ed.), the chief objections to which may be reduced to the following: 1st, that such a doctrine is not founded on facts; 2nd, that we cannot refer to a linguistic period so ancient as that which preceded the division of the Aryan stock into several families of languages, a phenomenon which appears in epochs relatively very late, and only for the reason that we find in tuem a considerable number of ex amples of the phenomenon; 3rd, no one has proved that certain elements, used commonly as prefixes in Sanscrit, existed already before the separation of the languages as prefixes, and exactly in the Sanscrit form; 4th, nothing gives us the right to suppose that the union of prepositions with verbal roots was even in the earliest ages so close that new radical forms could be easily derived from them. See, however, Scherer, Zur geschichte der deutschen sprache, Berlin, 1868, pp. 327, sqq. from u=av [to be content], jug from ju [to join]): possibly this g came by weakening from k, sk, as it seems open to us to perceive from the fact that of the 24 above noticed secondary roots in g 10 have beside them expanded roots in k with a meaning either identical or similar (arg and ark [to shine], etc.). 3rd, Determinative gh in 29 roots (argh [to move violently] from ar [to excite], etc.): this suffix which gave rise to radical forms probably of great antiquity, and afterwards fell into disuse, is of doubtful origin (perhaps from gha [to make to be]). 4th, Determinative † in 24 radical forms of the primitive Aryan (kart [to cut] from kar=skar [to shave], etc.): these roots, determined by t, do not absolutely differ from denominatives from nominal stems formed with the suffix -t- and with others of 52 which this sound is the fundamental characteristic. 5th, Determinative in about 50 Proto-Aryan verbs (kad [to fall, to yield] from ka [to go], etc.): this d seems to Fick to be derived from the root da [to give, to make]. 6th, Determinative dh in 24 secondary roots of the fundamental Aryan (hudh [to hide, to guard] from sku [to cover], etc.) : dh goes back to dha [to make]. 7th, Determinative p (kap=skap [to make hollow] from ska, with a like meaning, etc.) this p, as Benfey observed, is closely connected with the root ap (pa) [to make] (whence ap-as, op-us). 8th, Determinative 6: this exists only apparently, because the roots in which we find it are either parallel forms of roots, in bh or v, or formed with reduplication. 9th, Determinative bh in 12 roots of the Indo-European motherlanguage (gharbh [to grasp] from ghar [to take], etc.): an element not used in this function after the first division of our stock, and of obscure origin (from bha [to appear] or from blu [to become]?). 10th, Determinative r in about 50 secondary roots, though it is only in a number not much exceeding half that they can be proved to have come from more simple roots, perhaps owing to the very remote antiquity of such formation (as an example of it may serve mar [to destroy] from ma [Lat. minuere]): whence this has arisen is not known. 11th, Determinatives in 50 examples (e. g. uks, vaks [crescere] from ug [augere]): it continued to be used in the Indo-Iranic section and the European when already separated, and it is found again also in the individual languages: the origin of this element has not yet been discovered.' 53 Having reached this point of our exposition of Fick's doctrine on the subject of the Proto-Aryan roots we think it will perhaps be not unwelcome to some among our readers to see what and how numerous are those roots which, subjected to the analyses described, discovered themselves as primary, and what is their respective significance. To satisfy this very natural curiosity, we give the following table, which those who have less craving for such ideas will be able, as Manzoni would have said, to skip at once, passing on directly to the considerations which will follow. PRIMARY ROOTS OF THE PROTO-ARYAN LANGUAGE.2 I. Roots formed from a vowel only. a, to breathe i, to to go, resound; 2. u (va), to twist, to 1 Fick, observes Windisch, in the theory of the determinatives agrees with Curtius, but he also discovers them where hitherto no one had seen them. That every final consonant of a root beginning with a consonant is a determinative may be true, but it is not proved. As far as concerns the origin of the determinatives, continues Windisch, Fick's hypotheses do not appear at all consistent with what he affirms at pp. 1000-1 with respect to the al -1. u (va), press to cry, to weave; 3. u (av), to be con most complete incorruptibility of the sounds in the Proto-Aryan period. 2 He who would like to see also the secondary roots may turn to the Vergleichendes wörterbuch, etc., 2nd ed. pp. 1016-43.—In this part of the present book it seems to us quite needless to include in square brackets, as in almost all the other parts, the meanings of the words quoted, because here there cannot possibly be confusion of any sort. tent; to rejoice; to be fond of; to observe; to promote, to help. II. Roots formed from the vowel a and a consonant. 1. ak, to reach, to penetrate, to be sharp; 2. ak, to see; 3. ak, to bend, to curve-1. ag, to push, to lead; 2. ay, to make white, clear, to smear-1. agh, to desire, to need; 2. agh, Lat. angere; 3. agh, to speak - ad, to eat - ap, to reach 1. abh, to resound; 2. abh, to swell—am, to assault, to hurt 1. ar, to go, excite, push, raise; to reach, attain, strike, hurt; to stick in, fix in, annex; 2. ar, to disjoin, to loosen ; 3. (ar), to be clear, to shine; 4. ar, to utter 51 sound as, to throw.' III. Roots formed from a consonant and a. 1. ka, to reach, penetrate, sharpen, excite (see 1. ak); 2. ka, to bend (see 3. ak); 3. ka, to utter sound; 4. ka, to desire, crave, avenge; to prize, to honour; 5. ka, to burn (?) 1. ga, to push, to excite (see 1. ag); 2. ga, to be clear (see 2. ag); 3. ga, to utter sound-1. gha, to leave alone, not to shut close, to gape, to desire (see 1. agh); 2. gha, to utter sound (see 3, agh); 3. gha, to strike, to push (see 1. gha?)-ta, to stretch, extend; to melt-1. da, to divide, distribute food, distribute to give; 2. da, to appear, look, be clear, recognise; 3. da, to bind; 4 (da), to move 1. dha, to place, to make; 2. dha, to stream 1. na, to incline, bend; to divide; 2. na, to bind (?); 3. (na), to cry 1. pa, to reach, to obtain (see ap); 2. pa, to touch, to ... 1 "To as [to throw] the root ās [to sit, to stand] is related in the same way as jacēre to jacere. With as" (for as) "[to sit, to stand] the root as [to find oneself, to be] is originally identical, as is seen from Zend, in which āç-tē [he sits] is used in the sense of aç-ti" (ib. p.1024).-Beside the roots noticed there stand others with the same, or at least similar meaning, with the vowel a preceded by the consonant, which in the roots just quoted follows the vowel, as will be seen in the following part of the table. |