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ABBREVIATIONS

ADS. Abhidhammatthasaṁgaha of Anuruddha, ed. JPTS., 1884; trs. PTS 1910.

AK. Abhidharmakoça. Book iii, ed. Poussin, London, 1918: other citations
from Paris (Asiatic Society) or Burnouf MSS.
AKB. Abhidharmakoçabhāṣya of Vasubandhu.
AKV. Abhidharmakoçavyākhyā of Yaçomitra.
AN. Añguttara Nikaya, ed. PTS. 1885-1900.
APP. Aṣṭasahasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, ed. BI. 1888.
Asl. Atthasālinī of Buddhaghosa, ed. PTS. 1897.
BB. Bibliotheca Buddhica, Petrograd.

BC. Buddhacarita, ed. Cowell, Oxford, 1893.

BCA. Bodhicaryāvatāra of Çântideva, ed. BI. 1901 ff.: trs. Poussin, Paris,

1907.

BCAP. Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā of Prajñākaramati, ed. BI.; ix also in Poussin, Bouddhisme, Études et Matériaux, London, 1898.

BI. Bibliotheca Indica, Calcutta.

BS. Brahma Sūtra of Bādarāyaṇa, ed. BI. 1854-63.

BSB. Bodhisattvabhūmi, summary in Le Muséon, vi and vii.

CHI. Cambridge History of India.

Compendium. Trs. of Abhidhammatthasaṁgaha, PTS. 1910.

DK. Dhatukatha, ed. PTS. 1892.

DN. Digha Nikaya, ed. PTS. 1890-1911; trs. SBB. ii-iv, 1899-1921; by Franke, Göttingen, 1913.

DS. Dhammasañgaṇi, ed. PTS. 1885; trs. PTS. 1901.

EI. Epigraphia Indica.

ERE. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

Geiger, M. and W. PD. Pāli Dhamma, Munich, 1921.

GGA. Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen.

GN. Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. GSAI. Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana.

IA. Indian Antiquary.

ILA. Indian Logic and Atomism, by A. B. Keith, Oxford, 1921.

J. Jūtaka, ed. Fausboll, London, 1877-97.

JA. Journal Asiatique.

JAOS. Journal of the American Oriental Society.

JASB. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

JBRAS. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JPTS.

Journal of the Pali Text Society.

JRAS. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.

KF. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte Ernst Kuhn gewidmet, Breslau, 1916.

KM. The Karma-Mīmāṁsă, by A. B. Keith, London, 1921.

KV. Kathāvatthu, ed. PTS. 1894-7; trs. as Points of Controversy, PTS. 1915; comm. ed. JPTS., 1889.

MA. Madhyamakāvatāra, trs. Poussin, Le Muséon, viii and xi.

MASI. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India.

MB. Outlines of Mahāyāna Buddhism, by D. T. Suzuki, London, 1907.
MBh. Mahābhārata.

Mhv. Mahāvastu, ed. Senart, Paris, 1882–97.

MK. Mūlamadhyaṁakakārikās, ed. Poussin, BB. 1913.

MKV. Prasannapadā of Candrakirti on above, ed. Poussin, u. s.

MN. Majjhima Nikaya, ed. PTS. 1888-1902.

MSA. Mahāyānasūtrālaṁkāra, ed. and trs. S. Lévi, Paris, 1907–11.

MSIL. History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic, by S. C. Vidyabhūṣaṇa, Calcutta, 1909.

MV. Mahāvagga, ed. Oldenberg, Vinaya Piṭaka I, London, 1879.

Mvy. Mahāvyutpatti, ed. Petrograd, 1887.

NB. Nyayabindu of Dharmakirti, ed. BI. 1890.

NBL. The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, by Rajendralāla Mitra, Calcutta, 1882.

NBT. Nyāyabinduṭīkā of Dharmottara, ed. BI. 1890.

NBTT. Nyayabinduṭīkāṭippaṇī, ed. BB. 1909.

NK. Nyāyakandali of Çridhara, ed. Benares, 1895.
NM. Nyayamañjarī of Jayanta, ed. Benares, 1895.

NP. Nettipakaraṇa, ed. PTS. 1888.

NV. Nyayavarttika of Uddyotakara, ed. BI. 1887-1904.

NVT. Nyāyavārttikatāt paryaṭīkā of Vācaspati Miçra, ed. Benares, 1898.
Oldenberg, LUAB. Die Lehre der Upanishaden und die Anfänge des Buddhismus,
Göttingen, 1915.

VWW. Vorwissenschaftliche Wissenschaft. Die Weltanschauung der Brāhmaṇa-
Texte, Göttingen, 1919.

Oltramare, P. FBDC. La formule bouddhique des douze causes, Geneva, 1909.
Poussin, L. de la Vallée. Bouddhisme. Bouddhisme, Opinions sur l'Histoire de la
Dogmatique, Paris, 1909.

TDC. Bouddhisme, Études et Matériaux.

Ghent, 1913.

PP. Puggalapaññati, ed. PTS. 1883.

PTS. Pali Text Society publications.

RHR. Revue de l'histoire des religions.

Théorie des douze causes,

Ç. Çikṣasamuccaya of Çântideva, ed. C. Bendall, BB. I, 1902.

SBA. Sitzungsberichte der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. SBB. Sacred Books of the Buddhists, Oxford.

SBE. Sacred Books of the East, Oxford.

SBNT. Six Buddhist Nyāya Tracts in Sanskrit, ed. Haraprasad Shāstrī, BI. 1910.

SDS. Sarvadarçanasaṁgraha of Madhava, ed. Ānandāçrama Sanskrit Series,

no. 51, 1906.

SN. Samyutta Nikaya, od. PTS. 1884-1904.

SS. Samkhya Sūtra, ed. BI. 1888.

SSS. Sarvasiddhäntasaṁgraha, attributed wrongly to Çañkara, Madras, 1909. Sumang. Sumañgalavilāsinī, I. ed. FTS. 1886.

TRD. Tarkarahasyadīpikā of Guṇaratna, ed. BI. (with Şaḍdarçanasamuccaya),

1905.

Ui, H. VP. Vaiseṣika Philosophy according to the Dasapadartha-śāstra, London, 1917.

VOJ. Vienna Oriental Journal.

VP. Vinaya Pitaka, ed. Oldenberg, London, 1879.

YS. Yoga Sūtra of Patañjali, eḍ. Bombay Sanskrit Series, xlvi, 1892.
ZDMG. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.

PART I

BUDDHISM IN THE PALI CANON

CHAPTER I

THE PERSONALITY AND DOCTRINES OF THE

BUDDHA

1. The Problem and the Sources

THE most attractive and influential expositions of Buddhism in England and Germany present us with a simple and effective picture of an Indian sage, who spent a blameless life in the years 563 to 483 B. c. engaged in the development of a remarkably sane and modern ethical doctrine. This sage turned aside from idle metaphysical speculations; if he held views on such topics, he deemed them valueless for the purpose of salvation, which was his goal as it was that of his contemporaries, and declined to discuss these issues generally. But he had emancipated himself from the theory of the existence of any permanent entity in the nature of a soul, such as it was understood by his contemporaries; he had abandoned an ego-centric position, and found greater truth in the conception of constant change under a law of causality, thereby effecting a Copernican revolution in the tendency of philosophical thought. This realization of the unreality of the self led him to a wise and reasonable ethical system; the end of man, Nirvāņa, consists not in strivings, inevitably painful, for the sake of a self which has no real existence, but in the eradication of passion of every kind, which brings man to supreme bliss, attainable and attained only on this earth, a view free from the delusion of a life of perpetual happiness after death.

This portrait of an early rationalist, introducing the blessings

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