States, but, standing upon his dignity, he Saratoga, PROPOSED STATE OF. Under declined to enter into any diplomatic re- Thomas Jefferson's plan for the creation lations not based on the usual formalities of new States in what was then known as between independent nations. The United the Northwestern Territory, several comStates government hesitated to recognize mittees of the Congress were appointed, the independence of Haiti. The idea of which in 1784 reported a resolution for acknowledging as a nation a community the division of the ceded and purchased of colored people was distasteful to the territory into seventeen States, which were representatives of the slave-labor States, to be created in three tiers. The portion and the mission of the agent was a fail- east of what was proposed to be called Illinoia was named Saratoga, and beyond it was a territory to which the name of

ure.

of Illinoia and Saratoga was what was then called, lacking a specific name, the Ninth State.

The possession of territory by the United States among the West India Isl- Washington was given. Immediately south ands was considered desirable for a long time, and in 1869 the governments of the United States and Haiti conferred on the subject of the annexation of the island of Santo Domingo to the domain of the republic. In November a treaty to that effect was made, but the United States Senate refused to ratify it. More information was needed. The President appointed a commission to visit the island and obtain it. Their report in the spring

Saratoga, ATTACK UPON. Late in the fall of 1745, an expedition consisting of more than 500 French and Indians and a few disaffected warriors of the Six Nations, led by M. Marin, an active French officer, invaded the upper valley of the Hudson, and by their operations spread alarm as far south as the Hudson High

Report on the Forests of North America; Silver of North America; Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, and many other works and reports.

Sargent, EPES, author; born in Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813; received an academic education; became editor of the Boston Erening Transcript in 1846. His

Lake Champlain, crossed over to the Hudson River, destroyed a lumber-yard on the site of Fort Edward, and approached the thriving settlement of Saratoga, at the junction of Fish Creek and the Hudson. It was a scattered little village, composed mostly of the tenants of Philip Schuyler, who owned mills and a large landed estate there. Accompanied by publications include The Life and Services Father Piquet, Marin, having laid waste nearly 50 miles of English settlements, fell upon the sleeping villagers at Saratoga at midnight (Nov. 28), plundered everything of value, murdered Mr. Schuyler, burned a small ungarrisoned fort near by and most of the dwellings, and made 109 men, women, and children captives. The next morning, after chanting the Te Deum in the midst of the desolation, the marauders turned their faces towards Canada with their prisoners. The fort was rebuilt, garrisoned, and called Fort Clinton; but late in 1747, unable to defend it against the French and Indians, it was burned by the English.

For an account of the battles of Sept. 19, 1777, and Oct. 7, 1777, which led to the surrender of Burgoyne, see BEMIS's HEIGHTS, BATTLE OF; BURGOYNE, SIR

JOHN.

Sargent, AARON AUGUSTUS, diplomatist; born in Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 28, 1827; learned the printer's trade; removed to California in 1849 and engaged in mining; studied law, while editing the Nevada Journal, which he established, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He was elected district attorney of Nevada county in 1856; vice-president of the Republican National Convention in 1860; served in Congress in 1860-72, and in the United States Senate in 1872-79; was appointed United States minister to Germany in 1882; and was offered the Russian mission, which he declined. He died in San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 14, 1887.

of Henry Clay; American Adventure by Land and Sea; Arctic Adventures by Sea and Land; Original Dialogues, etc. He also edited the Select Works of Benjamin Franklin; Works of Horace and James Smith, etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1880.

Sargent, HERBERT HOWLAND, jurist; born in Carlinville, Ill., Sept. 29, 1858; graduated at Blackburn University in 1878 and at the United States Military Academy in 1883; was on frontier duty till the outbreak of the war with Spain: organized volunteers in Washington in May, 1898; and was appointed colonel of the 5th United States Volunteer Infantry the same month; served at Santiago and Guantanamo, Cuba; returned to the United States with his regiment, May, 1899; was promoted captain of cav alry, March 2, 1899, and appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 29th United States Volunteer Infantry in July following. In October he sailed for Manila with his regiment; fought against the insurgents in the island of Luzon; and commanded the assaulting forces during the action in which General Lawton was killed at San Mateo, Dec. 19, 1899. He is the author of Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign; and The Campaign of Marengo.

Sargent, JOHN OSBORNE, lawyer; born in Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 20, 1811; graduated at Harvard College in 1830: admitted to the bar in 1833; engaged extensively in journalism; associate editor of the Courier and Enquirer in 1838; Sargent, CHARLES SPRAGUE, arboricult- founded the Republic (with Alexander C. urist; born in Boston, Mass., April 24, Bullitt). His publications include 1841; graduated at Harvard Univer- Lecture on the Late Improvements in sity in 1862; served through the Civil Steam Navigation and the Arts of Naval War, attaining the rank of major; was Warfare; a version of Anastasius Grün's director of the Arnold Arboretum of Har- Last Knight; three pamphlets reviewing vard University in 1872-78; became Ar- The Rule in Minot's Case; and four num nold Professor of Arboriculture in Har- bers of Chapters for the Times by a Berk vard University in 1878; editor of Garden shire Farmer. He died in New York City, and Forests in 1887-97; and author of Dec. 28, 1891.

Sargent, JOHN SINGER, artist; born in Florence, Italy, in 1856; educated in Italy and Germany; came to the United States in 1876, and revisited it several times, chiefly to paint certain portraits; was commissioned to decorate the ends of the upper corridor of the new Boston public library, and chose for his subject the Progress of Religion; and was a member of the American National Academy of Design, and an associate of the Royal Academy of England. In the exhibition of the Royal Academy in 1900 he had a Venetian interior with four figures which was pronounced the cleverest canvas in the exhibition. He died in London, England, April 13, 1900.

Sargent, NATHAN (pen-name OLIVER OLDSCHOOL), author; born in Pultney, Vt., May 5, 1794; admitted to the bar in 1816 and settled in Cahawba, Ala., where he became county and probate judge; removed to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1830; and established a Whig newspaper; and became Washington correspondent of the United States Gazette. He was sergeantat-arms in Congress in 1849-51; commissioner of customs in 1861-67; and president of the Washington Reform School for several years. He published Life of Henry Clay; and Public Men and Events. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 2, 1875.

pany in 1786, Congress appointed him surveyor of the Northwest Territory, and he was made its first secretary. He was St. Clair's adjutant-general at the time of his defeat in 1791, when he was wounded; and was adjutant-general and inspector of Wayne's troops in 1794-95. He was made governor of the Northwest Territory in 1798. Mr. Sargent was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. He died in New Orleans, La., June 3, 1820.

Sartain, JOHN, artist; born in London, England, Oct. 24, 1808; came to the United States and settled in Philadelphia in 1830; contributed miniature engravings to Graham's Magazine in 1840; proprietor and editor of Campbell's Foreign Semi-Monthly Magazine; and later had an interest in the Electric Museum, for which he engraved many plates; had charge of the art department at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia; and produced many prints for framing, among them The County Election in Missouri; The Battle of Gettysburg, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1897.

Sassacus, Indian chief; born near Groton, Conn., about 1560; chief of the Pequod Indians, feared greatly by the settlers of the New England coast. In 1637 his tribe murdered several women at Wethersfield, and took two girls captive. On June 5, 1637, the colonists attacked the Pequod settlement on the Mystic River and won a victory. Sassacus, however, escaped to the Mohawks, by whom he was murdered the same month.

Sargent, WINTHROP, author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 23, 1825; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1845 and at the Harvard Law School in 1847; practised in his native city. He was the author of History of an Expedition Sastean Indians, a stock comprising Against Fort Duquesne in 1775, under the Autiré of Shasta Valley, the Édohwe Major-General Braddock, Edited from on Klamath River, and the Iruwai of Original Manuscripts; The Loyalist Poetry Scott Valley, formerly inhabiting Siskiof the Revolution; The Journal of the you county, Cal., the region along the General Meeting of the Cincinnati; Life Klamath, and a portion of the territory and Career of Maj. John André; The Con- of Oregon. At one time they had twentyfederate States and Slavery, etc. He died four villages, and numbered about 3,000. in Paris, France, May 18, 1870. In 1899 there were twenty-four Sasteans at the Grande Ronde agency, and 487 at the Siletz agency, both in Oregon. They are also known as Shasta Indians.

Sargent, WINTHROP, military officer; born in Gloucester, Mass., May 1, 1753; graduated at Harvard College in 1771; entered the military service in 1775; and hecame captain of Knox's artillery regiment in March, 1776, serving with it during the war, and engaging in the principal battles in the North, attaining the rank of major. Connected with the Ohio Com

Satolli, FRANCIS, clergyman; born in Merciano, Italy, July 21, 1831. His education from early childhood was under the direction of Archbishop Pecci, subsequently Pope Leo XIII. After finishing his theological studies he became Professor

SATTERLEE-SAULT DE STE. MARIE SHIP-CANAL

popularly known as Capt. Billy Caldwell; born in Canada about 1780; son of an Irish officer in the British army and a Pottawattomie squaw; received a good education; was a true friend of the whites and did all in his power to check savage warfare; settled in Chicago in 1820 and was a justice of the peace there in 1826; went with his tribe to Council Bluffs in 1836. He was a chief of the Ottawas and Pottawattomies. He died in Council Bluffs, Ia., Sept. 28, 1841.

of Dogmatic Theology at Urban College of Sauganash, THE, a half-breed leader, the Propaganda, Rome; was consecrated titular archbishop of Lepanto in 1888; represented Pope Leo at the centenary of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in the United States, celebrated in Baltimore; and was the first Papal delegate to the United States (1893-96). Though in a delicate position, he manifested great wisdom and succeeded in settling several serious differences which had arisen in the Church in the United States. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1895; appointed president of the Academy of Noble Ecclesiastics; and in July, 1900, made prefect of the Propaganda.

Satterlee, HERBERT LIVINGSTON, lawyer; born in New York, Oct. 31, 1863; graduated at Columbia College in 1883, and was admitted to the bar in 1885; was navigator of the New York naval battalion in 1891-95; captain of the naval militia in 1897-98; and during the war with Spain was lieutenant and chief of staff to Capt. John R. Bartlett, U. S. N. He is the author of Political History of the Province of New York, etc.

Saulsbury, WILLARD, legislator; born in Kent county, Del., June 2, 1825; received a collegiate education; admitted to the bar and practised in Georgetown, Del.; attorney-general of the State in 1850-55: United States Senator in 1858-71; deliv. ered an important speech on the Staterights resolution of Jefferson Davis, April 2, 1860; and became chancellor of Delaware in 1873. He died in Dover, April 6, 1882.

Sault de Ste. Marie Ship-canal. Saint Mary's Strait or River, connecting Lakes Superior and Huron, is 63 miles in length,

Saunders, ROMULUS MITCHELL, statesman; born in Caswell county, N. C., March 3, 1791; received a collegiate education; admitted to the bar in 1812; elected to Congress in 1821, 1823, 1825,

troduced the celebrated two-third rule into the Democratic National Convention, making it necessary for a nominee to receive two-thirds of the votes of all members present. He was appointed minister to Spain in 1845, where he was authorized to offer $100,000,000 for the island of Cuba. He died in Raleigh, N. C., April 21, 1867.

and but for the St. Mary's Falls, or Sault Great Metropolis; Story of the Discovery de Ste. Marie, would be navigable through- of the New World by Columbus, etc. out its course for the largest vessels. These falls, or more properly rapids, are about a mile from Lake Superior, and have within the space of three-quarters of a mile a fall of about 20 feet. Until the construction of a canal around them, and 1844. In the latter year he inthey completely prevented the passage of vessels from one lake to the other. On May 19, 1855, the first ship-canal was opened, having been constructed at great expense by the State of Michigan. This canal was afterwards transferred to the United States, and in 1881 the government opened another and larger one, parallel with it. The lock in the latter was then the largest in the world. It is 515 feet long, 80 feet wide, and has a lift of 20 feet. It can be filled in fifteen minutes, and is roomy enough to admit two of the largest lake steamers at a time. It is built of granite, is furnished with every improved mechanism, and cost $1,000,000. To facilitate the increasing commerce of the lakes Congress passed an act for the construction of another and still larger lock, to cost $5,000,000. In 1855 the total registered tonnage that passed through the canal was 106,296; in 1898 it was 16,426,472. No records of the amount of freight transported were kept prior to 1881. In that year it aggregated 1,567,741 net tons; in 1898, 18,509,048 net tons. For several years the tonnage and freight movement have far exceeded those of the Suez Canal.

Saunders, ALVIN, legislator; born in Fleming county, Ky., July 12, 1817; removed to the present State of Iowa in 1836; delegate to the Iowa constitutional convention in 1846; governor of the Nebraska Territory in 1861-67; and United States Senator from Nebraska in 1877-83. During this period he secured over 600,000 acres of land to his State by the rearrangement of the northern boundary. He died in Omaha, Neb., Nov. 1, 1899.

Saunders, FREDERICK, librarian; born in London, England, Aug. 14, 1807; came to the United States in 1837, and became city editor of the New York Evening Post; was made assistant librarian of the Astor Library in 1859, librarian in 1876, and was retired in 1896. He is the author of New York in a Nut-shell; Memoir of the

Savage, JAMES, historian; born In Boston, Mass., July 13, 1784; graduated at Harvard College in 1803; admitted to the bar in 1807; served in the Massachusetts legislature. His publications include John Winthrop's History of New England from 1630 to 1646, with Notes to Illustrate the Civil and Ecclesiastical Concerns, the Geography, Settlement, and Institutions of the Country, and the Lives and Manners of the Ancient Planters; and Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, Showing Three Generations of Those Who Came Before May, 1692. He died in Boston, Mass., March 8, 1873.

Savage, JOHN, author; born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 13, 1828; settled in New York City in 1848, and was employed as proof-reader on the New York Tribune; removed to Washington, D. C., in 1857, where he became editor of The States, the organ of Stephen A. Douglas. In the Civil War he served in the 69th New York Regiment. He was the author of a number of war-songs, including The Muster of the North and The Starry Flag, and published Our Living Representative Men; Campaign Life of Andrew Johnson; Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson; Fenian Heroes and Martyrs, etc. Mr. Savage was a popular and forceful orator, and rendered great aid to the Republican party among the Irish-American citizens in General Grant's first Presidential campaign. After his inauguration President Grant sought to compliment the Irish by appointing Mr. Savage to one of the most lucrative consulates in Great Britain, but