Spaniards occupied the place about camp. They marched upon the camp in 1605, made slaves of the inhabitants, three columns, drove in the pickets, and and began exploiting the rich veins of gold completely surprised the Zouaves. The and silver in the town and vicinity. war-cry of the Confederates was "Death They continued in control till about 1680, to Wilson! no quarter!" The Zouaves when the Indians rose in revolt, drove out fought desperately in the intense darkthe Spaniards, and not only closed the ness while being driven back to the shelter mines but effaced all indications of their of the batteries, 400 yards from Fort existence. In 1692 the Spaniards again Pickens. There were only 133 effective acquired control of the town under Var- men. While falling back they were met gas, and maintained it till 1821, when Mexico secured its independence of Spain. Gen. Stephen W. Kearny took possession of the town in the name of the United States in 1846; the territory was ceded to the United States in 1848; and the city became the capital of the newly organized Territory of New Mexico in 1851. Santa Rosa Island, BATTLE ON. Fort Pickens stands on Santa Rosa Island, off the harbor of Pensacola. In June, 1861, the 6th New York (Zouave) Regiment, Col. William Wilson, arrived there as a part of the defenders of the fort. There was also a small blockading squadron near. On the night of Sept. 2 a party from Fort Pickens under Lieutenant Shepley burned the dry-dock at the navy-yard at Warrington, and on the night of the 13th about 100 men under Lieut. J. H. Russell, of Commodore Merwin's flag-ship Colorado, crossed over to the navy-yard and burned the Judah, then fitting out for a privateer. There were then near the navy yard about 1,000 Confederate soldiers. These daring feats aroused the Confederates, and they became aggressive. Early in October they made an attempt to surprise and capture Wilson's Zouaves on Santa Rosa Island. About 1,400 picked men, commanded by General Anderson, crossed over from Pensacola in several steamboats, and at 2 A.M. on the 9th landed 4 or 5 miles eastward of the Zouave by Major Vogdes with two companies, which were followed by two other companies, when the combined force charged upon the Confederates, who, having plundered and burned the Zouave camp, were in a disorganized state. They were driven in confusion to their vessels, and were assailed by volleys of bullets as they moved off. One of the vessels was so riddled by bullets that it sank. In this affair the Nationals lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, sixty-four men. Among the latter was Major Vogdes. The Confederates lost about 150, including those who were drowned. Santana, PEDRO, statesman; born in Hincha, Santo Domingo, June 29, 1801; studied law; appointed brigadier-general and served in the rebellion against the Haitian government in 1844; led 2,400 men, with whom he defeated the southern army of 15,000 on March 19; elected President in November of the same year; favored the movement for the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States which was defeated by Baez. He died in Santo Domingo, June 14, 1864. Santee Indians, originally a family of the SIOUX INDIANS (q. v.). In 1899 there were two branches at the Santee agency in Nebraska, the Santee Sioux of Flandreau, numbering 296, and the Santee Sioux proper, numbering 1,019. Santiago, MILITARY See SPAIN, WAR WITH. OPERATIONS AT. SANTIAGO, NAVAL BATTLE OF Santiago, NAVAL BATTLE OF. See also trance to the harbor of Santiago de Cuba SAMPSON, WILLIAM THOMAS; SCHLEY, on July 3, 1898: WINFIELD SCOTT; SPAIN, WAR WITH. United States Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, in a narrative of the American-Spanish War, gives the following graphic history of the great naval engagement off the en It matters little now why Cervera pushed open the door of Santiago Harbor and rushed out to ruin and defeat. The admiral himself would have the world un derstand that he was forced out by ill- however slight, of saving something. So advised orders from Havana and Madrid. Cervera was ordered to leave the harbor Very likely this is true. It did not occur of Santiago. He would have liked to to the Spaniards that the entire Ameri- go by night, but the narrow entrance can army had been flung upon El Caney glared out of the darkness brilliant with and San Juan, and that there were no the white blaze of the search-lights, and reserves. Their own reports, moreover, beyond lay the enemy, veiled in darkness, from the coast were wild and exagger- waiting and watching. The night was ated, so that, deceived by these as well clearly impossible. It must be daylight, as by the daring movements and con- if at all. So on Sunday morning at halffident attitude of the American army, past nine the Spanish fleet with bottled they concluded that the city was menaced steam came out of the harbor with a rush, by not less than 50,000 men. Under these the flag-ship Maria Teresa leading; then conditions Santiago would soon be sur- the other three cruisers, about 800 yards rounded, cut off, starved, and taken. It apart; then, at 1,200 yards distance, the is true that Admiral Cervera had an- two crack Clyde - built torpedo - boat denounced that if the Americans entered stroyers Furor and Pluton. As Admiral Santiago he would shell and destory the Sampson was to meet General Shafter that city, and he would probably have done so, morning at Siboney, the New York had with complete Spanish indifference to the started to the eastward, and was 4 wanton brutality of such an act. But it miles away from her station when, at the is difficult to see how this performance sound of the guns, she swung round and would have helped the army or saved the rushed after the running battle-ships, fleet. With the American army on the which she could never quite overtake. heights of San Juan, and extending its It was a cruel piece of ill fortune that lines, the ultimate destruction or capture the admiral, who had made every arof the entire squadron was a mere ques- rangement for the fight, should, by mere tion of time. The process might be made chance of war, have been deprived of his more or less bloody, but the final outcome personal share in it. Equally cruel was could not be avoided, and was certain to the fortune which had taken Captain Higbe complete. On the other hand, a wild ginson and the Massachusetts on that day rush out of the harbor might result pos- to Guantanamo to coal. These temporary sibly in the escape of one or more ships, absences left (beginning at the westward) and such an escape, properly treated in the Brooklyn, Texas, Iowa, Oregon, Indiofficial despatches, could very well be ana, and the two converted yachts Glouces made to pass in Spain for a victory. In ter and Vixen lying near inshore, to meet remaining, there could be nothing but the escaping enemy. Quick eyes on the utter ruin, however long postponed. In Iowa detected first the trailing line of going out, there was at least a chance, smoke in the narrow channel. Then the THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE SHIPS IN THE BATTLE OF JULY 3, 1898, OFF SANTIAGO. ALTARES 66 THE LAST OF THE ALMIRANTE OQUENDO. Brooklyn saw them, then all the fleet, and there was no need of the signal enemy escaping," which went up on the Iowa and Brooklyn. Admiral Sampson's order had long since been given: "If the enemy tries to escape, the ships must close and engage as soon as possible and endeavor to sink his vessels or force them to run ashore." Every ship was always stripped for action, each captain on the station knew this order, his crew needed no other, and the perfect execution of it was the naval battle at Santiago. The Spanish ships came out at 8 to 10 knots speed, cleared the Diamond Shoal, and then turned sharply to the westward. As they issued forth they opened a fierce, rapid, but ill-directed fire with all guns, which shrouded them in smoke. The missiles fell most thickly perhaps about the Indiana and Brooklyn, the two ships at the opposite ends of the crescent line, but seemed also to come in a dense flight over the Oregon and the rest. Around the Indiana the projectiles tore the water into foam, and the Brooklyn, which the Spaniards had some vague plan of disabling, because they believed her to be the one fast ship, was struck twenty-five times, but not seriously injured. The Spanish attack, with its sudden burst of fire, was chiefly in the first rush, for it was soon drowned in the fierce reply. The American crews were being mustered for Sunday inspection when the enemy was seen. They were always prepared for action, and as the signal went up the men were already at quarters. There was no need for Admiral Sampson's distant signal to close in and attack, for that was what they did. The only disadvantage at the outset was that they were under low steam, and it took time to gather way, so that the Spaniards, with a full head of steam, gained in the first rush. But this did not check the closing in, nor the heavy broadsides which were poured upon the Spanish ships as they came by and turned to the westward. Then it was that the Maria Teresa and the Oquendo received their death-wounds. Then it was that a 13-inch shell from the Indiana struck the Teresa, exploding under the quarter-deck; and that the broadsides of the Iowa, flung on each cruiser as it headed her in turn, and of the Oregon and Texas, tore and the flag-ship. The Spanish fire sank under that of the American gunners, shooting coolly as if at target practice, and sweeping the Spanish decks with a fire which drove the men from the guns. On went the Spanish ships in their desperate flight, the American ships firing rapidly and steadily upon them, always closing in, and beginning now to gather speed. The race was a short one to two of the Spanish ships, fatally wounded in the first savage encounter. the sides of the Oquendo, the Vizcaya, est in our squadron, she might be sure to head off the swiftest Spanish ship. In the lead with the Brooklyn was the Texas, holding the next position in the line. But the Oregon was about to add to the laurels she had already won in her great voyage from ocean to ocean. With a burst of speed which astonished all who saw her, and which seemed almost incredible in a battle-ship, she forged ahead to the second place in the chase, for such it had now become. The Teresa and Oquendo had gone to wreck, torn by the fire of all the ships. The Vizcaya had also suffered severely, but struggled on, pursued by the leading ships, and under their fire, especially that of the Oregon, until, at a quarter past eleven, she too was turned to the shore and beached, at Acerraderos, 15 miles from Santiago, a shattered, blazing hulk. In little more than half an hour the Spanish flag-ship Maria Teresa was headed to the shore, and at a quarter past ten she was a sunken, burning wreck upon the beach at Nima Nima, a distance of about 6 miles from Santiago. Fifteen minutes later, and half a mile farther on, the Oquendo was beached near Juan Gonzales, a mass of flames, shot to pieces, and a hopeless wreck. For these two ships of the Spanish navy, flight and fight were alike over. At the start, the Brooklyn, putting her helm to port, had gone round, bearing away from the land, and then steamed to the westward, so that, as she was the fast In the mean time the two torpedo-boats, coming out last from the harbor, about ten o'clock, had made a rush to get by the American ships; but their high speed availed them nothing. The secondary batteries of the battle-ships were turned upon them with disastrous effect, and they also met an enemy especially reserved for them. When the Vizcaya went ashore at a quarter past eleven, only one Spanish ship remained, the Cristobal Colon. She was the newest, the fastest, and the best of the squadron. With their bottled steam, all the American ships were gathering and increasing their pressure, but the Colon gained most of all. She did, apparently, comparatively little firing, kept inside of her consorts, hugging the shore, and then raced ahead, gaining on all the American ships except the Brooklyn, which kept on outside to head her off. When the Viz caya went ashore, the Colon had a lead of about 6 miles over the Brooklyn and the Oregon, which had forged to the front, with the Texas and Vixen following at their best speed. As the New York came tearing along the coast, striving with might and main to get into the fight, now so nearly done, Admiral Sampson saw, after he passed the wreck of the Vizcaya, that the American ships were overhauling the Spaniard. The Colon had a contract speed 5 knots faster than the contract speed of the Oregon. But the Spaniard's best was 7 knots below her contract speed, while the Oregon, fresh from her 14,000 miles of travel, was going a little faster than her contract speed, a very splendid thing, worthy of much thought and consideration as to the value of per The Gloucester, a converted yacht, with no tle avail, and which has made the Engarmor, but with a battery of small rapid- lish-speaking man the victor on the ocean fire guns, was lying inshore when the from the days of the Armada. Spaniards made their break for liberty. Undauntedly firing her light shells at the great cruisers as they passed, the Glouces ter waited, gathering steam, for the destroyers. The moment these boats appeared, Lieutenant - Commander Wainwright, the Spanish cruisers gained at first, while unheeding the fire of the Socapa battery, drove the Gloucester straight upon them at top speed, giving them no time to use their torpedoes, even if they had so desired. The fierce, rapid, well - directed fire of the Gloucester swept the decks of the torpedo-boats, and tore their upper works and sides. Shattered by the shells from the battle-ships, and overwhelmed by the close and savage attack of the Gloucester, which fought in absolute disregard of the fire from either ships or shore, the race of the torpedo-boat destroyers was soon run. Within twenty minutes of their rush from the harbor's mouth the Furor was beached and sunk, and the Pluton had gone down in deep water. At the risk of their lives the officers and men of the Gloucester boarded their sinking enemies, whose decks looked like shambles, and saved all those who could be saved. There were but few to rescue. Nineteen were taken from the Furor, twenty-six from the Pluton; all the rest of the sixty-four men on each boat were killed or drowned. It is worth while to make a little comparison here. The Furor and Pluton were 370 tons each, fect and honest workmanship done quite with a complement together of 134 men. They had together four 11-pounders, four 6-pounders, and four Maxim guns, in addition to their torpedoes. The Gloucester was of 800 tons, with ninety-three men, four 6-pounders, four 3-pounders, and two Colt automatic guns. The Spanish ships were fatally wounded probably by the secondary batteries of the battle-ships, but they were hunted down and destroyed by the Gloucester, which, regardless of the fire of the Soca pa battery, closed with them and overwhelmed them. There is a very interesting exhibition here of the superior quality of the American sailor. The fierce, rapid, gallant attack of the Gloucester carried all before it, and showed that spirit of daring sea-fighting without which the best ships and the finest guns are of lit obscurely in the builder's yard, and of the skill, energy, and exact training which could then get more than any one had a right to expect from both ship and engines. On they went, the Americans coming ever nearer, until at last, at ten minutes before one, the Brooklyn and the Oregon opened fire. A thirteen-inch shell from the great battle-ship, crushing her way at top speed through the water, fell in the sea beyond the Colon; the eightinch shells of the Brooklyn began to drop about her; more big shells from the Oregon turret followed; and then, without firing another shot, the Spaniard hauled down her flag and ran at full speed ashore upon the beach at Rio Tarquino, 45 miles from Santiago. Captain Cook of the Brooklyn boarded her, received the |