Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hamp shire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Suffrage, WOMAN. The people of the frage exists in a limited way in Arizona, State of Oregon voted upon a woman suf- Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, frage amendment in June, 1900. The vote stood 28,402 against 26,265 for, the whole vote of the people numbering 82,000. The joint resolution to submit to the people of Iowa a woman suffrage amendment was lost in the House in 1900 by a vote of 55 against 43 for, thereby showing a larger opposing vote than that cast in 1898. A woman suffrage resolution came before the Ohio legislature in 1900, by which it was referred to the committee on judiciary, and there lost sight of. The New York Senate declined to act upon a bill giving tax-paying women in towns and villages the right to vote upon questions affecting property. The committee on election laws in the Massachusetts legislature reported 10 to 1 against a petition for Presidential and municipal suffrage for women. And for tax-paying women the vote was unanimous against the suffrage. After debate in the House for the latter, on Feb. 20, the vote stood 142 nays against 40 yeas. In Australia, Oct. 10, 1900, the legislative council of Victoria rejected the bill passed by the legislative Assembly providing for a referendum on the question of full woman suffrage. In 1899 woman suffrage bills were defeated in the legislatures of Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, Vermont, Illinois, Oklahoma, Arizona, Indiana, Missouri, Michigan, and California. Woman suffrage amendments to the constitution were defeated by the people in the State elections of 1898 in South Dakota and Washington, and in Oregon in June, 1900. In Great Britain women vote for some local officers, but not for members of Parliament. In many European countries, in Australia and New Zealand, in Cape Colony, in Canada, and in parts of India women vote on various terms for municipal or school officers. The New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women is an organization of women having its headquarters in New York. The executive committee is as follows: Mrs. Francis M. Scott, chairman; Miss Alice Chittenden, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, Mrs. George White Field, Mrs. Richard Watson Gilder, Mrs. Gilbert E. Jones, Mrs. Elihu Root, Mrs. George Waddington, Mrs. Rossiter Johnson, and Mrs. George Phillips. Mrs. Phillips is secretary, 789 Park Avenue, New York. There are also societies in Massachusetts, Illinois, Oregon, Iowa, and Washington, and others are being organized. These work to oppose the extension of suffrage in their own States, but last winter combined in sending seven women to appear before congressional committees to protest against a petition for women suffrage. The National American Woman's Suffrage Association, Mrs. C. Chapman Catt, president; honorary presidents, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony; In Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyo- vice-president-at-large, Rev. Anna H. ming, women have full suffrage and vote for all officers, including Presidential electors. The woman suffrage law was adopted in Wyoming in 1870, and in Colorado in 1893, and woman suffrage is a constitutional provision in Utah and Wyoming. In Indiana women may hold any office under the school laws, but cannot vote for any such officer. Shaw, Philadelphia, Pa.; corresponding secretary, Rachel Foster Avery, Philadelphía, Pa.; recording secretary, Alice Stone Blackwell, Boston, Mass.; treasurer, Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren, O.; office, 150 Nassau Street, New York. Sugar (Saccharum officinarum) is supposed to have been known to the ancient Jews. Found in India by Nearchus, admiral of Alexander, 325 B.C. An Oriental In Kansas women exercise the suffrage nation in alliance with Pompey used the largely in municipal elections. In some form, mainly as to taxation or the selection of school officers, woman suf juice of the cane as a common beverage. It was prescribed as a medicine by Galen, second century. Brought into Europe from Asia, 625 A.D.; in large quantities, duty, $53,992,107; 1892, after reduction, 1150. Attempted to be cultivated in $76,795. Italy, not succeeding, the Portuguese and Spaniards carried it to America about 1510. Sugar in the United States.-Sugar-cane first grown in part of territory now constituting the United States, 1751; first American sugar-mill built near New Orleans, 1758; sugar first manufactured from sorghum, 1882. A bounty was granted by Congress from July 1, 1891, to July 1, 1905, of 2 cents a pound on sugar not less than 90° by the polariscope from cane, beets, sorghum, and maple produced in the United States, and testing less than 90° and not less than 80°, 134 cents, Oct. 1, 1890. Total production of beet-sugar of the world in 1891 was 7,987,913,896 lbs.; of cane-sugar, 4,529,248,334 lbs. In 1887 there was produced in the United States 400,000 lbs. of beet-sugar; 1888, 3,600,000; 1889, 6,000,000; 1890, 8,000,000; 1891, 12,000,000; 1892, 27,000,000. In 1893, 43,000,000 lbs., produced from 200,000 tons of beet-roots, averaging the producer $4.50 per ton. In 1900 1,607,685,760 lbs. of beet-sugar were produced in the United States. Beet-sugar during the past twenty years has been rapidly displacing cane-sugar. Should the United States succeed in producing sufficient sugar from beets to supply the home demand, the cane-sugar industry would be practically extinct. (All bounties paid to sugar producers in the United States ceased Aug. 27, 1894.) Sugar imported into the United States The average yearly production of maplefor the year ending June 30, 1893, was sugar in the United States is about 32,3,766,445,347 lbs., and the total amount 000,000 lbs., although some years there is consumed was 4,024,646,975 lbs., being produced over 50,000,000 lbs. According 62+ lbs. per capita. Very little sugar to the United States census for 1890 there exported from the United States; average were 23,533 producers of maple-sugar less than 20,000,000 lbs. yearly. Sugar making 500 lbs. and over, 10,099 of them duties, 1890, prior to the reduction of the in the State of Vermont. The report on cane-sugar is by Willett & Gray; that on beet-sugar by Licht. Sugar Act. The popular name of an ister, he introduced into Parliament two act of the British Parliament, officially measures of vast importance to the Ameriknown as the molasses act. In 1733 the can colonists. The first was the revival British government laid a prohibitive duty of the old molasses act; the second was on all sugar and molasses imported into the notorious STAMP ACT (q. v.). The North America from the islands of France, immediate effects of the reinforcement of for the purpose of compelling the people the molasses act were seen in the trade of New England particularly to purchase relations between the New England colotheir sugar and molasses from the planters nies and the French West Indies. The in the English West Indies. In 1763, New England people depended largely when Lord Grenville became prime min- upon the products of their fisheries, and a considerable portion found a ready mar- lasses. The trade between the New Engket in the French West Indies. Those land colonies and the French West Indies, possessions in turn depended upon the accordingly, becoming a matter of great molasses raised therein, and the French importance to the people of both sections, government, in order to force a market and the reinforcements of the original act for the sugar, forbade the planters pay- could have but two results: either the ing for the fish with anything except mo New-Englanders would have to pay the exorbitant duty on the French West Indies molasses, or have it seized without ceremony or compensation. zens. Island which Moultrie had so gallantly defended was renamed Fort Moultrie. Sullivan, JAMES, lawyer; born in Berwick, Me., April 22, 1744; began practice in Biddeford in 1770; member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1779-80; attorney-general of Massachusetts in 1790-1807; elected governor in 1807 and 1808. His publications include Observations on the Government of the United States; History of the District of Maine; History of Land-Titles in Massachusetts; Dissertation on the Constitutional Liberty of the Press; Correspondence with Colonel Sugarhouse Prison. The principal place of imprisonment within the limits of New York City during the British occupation. The sugar-house was a brick building five stories high, near the Old Middle Dutch Church. Here were confined the prisoners taken on Long Island and elsewhere, and many patriotic citiOwing to improper food, clothing, and medical attendance the prisoners died by the thousands. It was the pitiable condition of these unfortunate heroes that Pickering; History of the Penobscot Indled Washington to refuse to regard them as fair subjects for exchange, because, as he wrote to Lord Howe, "You give us only the dead or dying for our well-fed and healthy prisoners." While the old sugarhouse was kept crowded with prisoners, the prison-ship JERSEY (q. v.) was anchored across the river in Wallabout Bay. Over 12,000 seamen were confined in this hulk at one time, and the number who died in her was estimated at 11,000. ians, in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 10, 1808. Sullivan, JOHN, military officer; born in Berwick, Me., Feb. 17, 1740; was a lawyer, an earnest patriot, and a member of the first Continental Congress. In December, 1774, he, with John Langdon, led a force against Fort William and Mary, near Portsmouth, and took from it 100 barrels of gunpowder, fifteen can Sullivan, FORT, the former name of Fort Moultrie. On the morning of July 30, 1776, General Lee reviewed the garrison of Fort Sullivan, and bestowed on them marked praise for their valor and fortitude in its defence. At the same time Mrs. Susanna Elliot, young and beautiful, with the women of Charleston, stepped forth and presented to Moultrie's regiment a pair of silken colors, one of blue, the other of crimson, both richly embroidered by their own hands. In a low, sweet voice, Mrs. Elliot said: "Your gallant behavior in defence of liberty and your country entitle you to the highest honors. Accept these two standards as a reward justly due to your regiment; and I make not the least doubt, under Heaven's protection, you will stand by them as long as they can wave in the air of liberty." On receiving them Moultrie said: "The colors shall be honorably supported, and shall never be tarnished." On the morning of July 4 Governor Rutledge visited the garrison, and in the .name of South Carolina thanked them; and to Sergeant Jasper he offered a lieu- non, small-arms, and stores. In June, tenant's commission and a sword. The 1775, he was appointed one of the brigasergeant refused the former, but accept- dier generals of the Continental army, ed the latter. The fort on Sullivan's and commanded on Winter Hill in the JOHN SULLIVAN. |