and was one of the councillors of state. changed in August (1864), he afterwards He retired in 1654, and in Parliament commanded a division in Arkansas (Januwas a leader of the opposition to Crom- ary, 1865). He was brevetted a majorwell's measures. Active in the overthrow general of volunteers in 1865. In 1867-68 of the Second Protectorate, he was one of he was major-general of the 1st Division the commissioners who went to Breda to N. G. S. N. Y.; in 1867-73 connected with invite Charles II. to come to England. the fire department of New York City; The grateful King made him governor of and in 1874-75 reorganized the fire dethe Isle of Wight, chancellor of the ex- partment of Chicago. He was given a chequer, and one of the privy council. congressional medal of honor in 1893 for In 1661 he was created Baron Ashley, and distinguished gallantry in the battle of was one of the commission for the trial Fredericksburg. of the regicides, whom he zealously prose- Shaler, NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE, geolcuted. Charles had granted to him and ogist; born in Newport, Ky., Feb. 22, several other favorites the vast domain of 1841; graduated at Laurence Scientific Carolina (1663), and he was employed School in 1862; served in the National with Locke in framing a scheme of gov- army during the Civil War as artillery ernment for it. He was created Earl of officer for two years; instructor of Shaftesbury in 1672, and made lord-chan- Zoology and Geology in Laurence Sciencellor, for which he was unfitted. Oppos- tific School in 1868-72; Professor of ing the government, the King dismissed Paleontology in 1868-87; during which him (1673). Accused of treason, he fled to Amsterdam, Holland, in 1682, where he died, June 22, 1683.

Shakers, an English sect, now chiefly found in the United States, arose in the time of Charles I., and derived its name from voluntary convulsions. It soon disappeared, but was revived by James Wardley in 1747, and more successfully by Ann Lee (or Standless), expelled Quakers, about 1757. The sect emigrated to America, May, 1772, and settled near Albany, N. Y.. 1774. They have several communities in the United States; they hold all goods in common, live uprightly, and are noted for frugality, industry, integrity, and thrift. They denounce marriage as sinful, regard celibacy as holy, oppose war, disown baptism and the Lord's Supper, and use a sort of dancing as part of worship.

Shaler, ALEXANDER, military officer; born in Haddam, Conn., March 19, 1827; was major of the famous New York 7th Regiment before the breaking out of the Civil War, and became lieutenant-colonel of the 65th New York Volunteers in June, 1861. He served in the Peninsular campaign, and under Pope in Virginia and McClellan in Maryland as colonel. In May, 1863, he was promoted brigadiergeneral, and commanded a brigade in the battle of Fredericksburg. In the battle of the Wilderness he was taken prisoner, and was confined at Charleston, S. C. Ex

time (1873-80), he was also director of the Kentucky geological survey; geologist of the United States geological survey in charge of the Atlantic coast division in 1884; and became Professor of Geology in Harvard in 1887. Professor Shaler is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and author of A First Book in Geology; Kentucky, a Pioneer Commonwealth; The Nature of Intellectual Property; The United States of America; Fossil Brachiopods of the Ohio Valley, etc.

Shanks, WILLIAM FRANKLIN GORE, journalist; born in Shelbyville, Ky., April 20, 1837; was war correspondent for the New York Herald during the Civil War; managing editor of Harper's Weekly in 1867-69; city editor of the New York Tribune in 1871-80. He founded and be came editor of The Daily and Weekly Bond Buyer in 1891. He is the author of Personal Recollections of Distinguished Generals; an index to 40 volumes of Harper's Magazine, etc. In more recent years he carried on a newspaper syndicate in New York City.

Shannon, WILSON, diplomatist; born in Belmont county, O., Feb. 24, 1802; graduated at Athens College and became a lawyer; was governor of Ohio in 1838-40 and 1842-44; minister to Mexico in 1844; member of Congress in 1853-55; governor of Kansas Territory in 1855-56; favored slavery, but was very cautious, and in

ing its high ground to be more healthy than at Charlestown, Winthrop settled there and founded BOSTON (q. v.).

Missouri and received land from the Spaniards. Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, were Shawnees, and attempted to Shawnee Indians, a once powerful confederate Western tribes against the family of the Algonquian nation, sup- white people in 1811, but most of his posed to have been originally of the Kick- people in Ohio remained loyal to the apoo tribe, a larger portion of whom United States then and in the War of moved eastward, and a part removed in 1812. Those in Missouri ceded their lands 1648 to the Fox River country, in Wis- to the United States in 1825, and those in consin. The Iroquois drove them back Ohio did the same in 1831. In 1899 there from the point of emigration south of were ninety-three Eastern Shawnees at the Lake Erie, when they took a stand in the Quapaw agency in Indian Territory, and basin of the Cumberland River, where 493 absentee Shawnees at the Sac and they established their great council-house Fox agency in Oklahoma. and held sway over a vast domain. Some of them went south to the region of the Carolinas and Florida, where those in the latter region held friendly relations with the Spaniards for a while, when they joined the English in the Carolinas, and were known as Yamasees and Savannahs. At about the time that the English settled at Jamestown (1607), some Southern tribes drove the Shawnees from the Cumberland region, when some of them crossed the Ohio and settled on the Scioto River, at and near the present Chillicothe. Others wandered into Pennsylvania, where, late in the seventeenth century, and also in 1701, they made treaties with William Penn. They also made treaties with the Iroquois after joining the Eries and Andastes in war against the Five Nations in 1672, when the Shawnees were defeated and fled to the land of the Catawbas in South Carolina, but from which they were soon expelled, taking refuge with the Creeks. Finally, they joined their kindred in Ohio when those in Pennsylvania went thither. The Iroquois, who claimed sovereignty over them, drove them farther westward, where they joined the French and were active in the events of the French and Indian War. They continued hostile to the English after the conquest of Canada, and were in Pontiac's confederacy. Afterwards they made war on the Virginia frontier in connection with other Western tribes. In 1774 they had a severe battle with the Virginia militia at Point Pleasant. Under English influences they took part with the Miamis in the war from 1790 until 1795, and participated in the treaty at Greenville in 1795. At that time the main body of the Shawnees were on the Scioto River, but some passed into

VIII-K

Shawomet, WAR AT. Gorton, the restless disturber of the peace in New England, had been whipped from colony to colony, and had settled at Shawomet (afterwards Warwick), R. I., on land ceded to him and a few followers by Miantonomoh. The settlement consisted of twelve men and their wives and children. Two Indian chiefs, claiming to be independent, protested against the cession, and appealed to the authorities at Boston. These were seconded by Benedict Arnold, who appears to have been moved by personal animosity. He entered complaints against the Shawomet settlers. Massachusetts assumed authority over that portion of Rhode Island. They summoned Miantonomoh to Boston, and on incompetent testimony it was adjudged that he had no right to sell the land. Then the Gorton colony were summoned to Boston. They replied that they were not responsible to Massachusetts, but to the government of England. A second summons was sent, with the same result. Commissioners were appointed to go to Shawomet. They were warned by Gorton that if they should come to exercise force they would be met by force. "We strictly charge you," he wrote, "that you set not a foot upon our lands in any hostile way, but upon your peril; and that if any blood be shed, upon your own heads shall it be."

The commissioners went with a minister, a band of soldiers, and some Indians. On their approach, alarm spread through the hamlet. The men prepared themselves for fight; the women, with their children, for flight. The latter, when the Boston party came, ran-some to the woods, and others to the water to a friendly boat. The men took refuge in a

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fortified log cabin. The commissioners tents like those which produced the State demanded an instant surrender. It was of FRANKLAND (q. v.) caused revolutionary refused; for, as the besieged said, they movements. A convention of the people of owed no allegiance to Massachusetts. They Maine, sitting in Portland (September, proposed to submit the case to arbitration, 1786), considered the expediency of erectand a truce was agreed upon until word ing themselves into an independent State, could be received from Boston. The truce but nothing came of it. In Massachusetts was delusive. Before the messenger sent a more formidable movement took place. to Boston could return, the houses of The General Court had voted customs and Gorton's people were broken open and excise duties to produce a revenue suffiplundered. Even the women and children cient to meet the interest on the State returning from the woods were fired upon. debt. Besides this burden laid upon them, The Bostonians besieged the Gortonians the people were suffering from private infor several days. At length it was pro- debtedness. There were taxes to meet the posed to Gorton that he and his fellow- instalments to be paid on the principal of defenders should go to Boston, not as the State debt, and, also, responses had to prisoners, but as "free men and neigh- be made to requisitions of Congress for bors." As soon as the besiegers entered the proportion of money required from the house, Gorton and his friends were Massachusetts for carrying on the general disarmed and marched off to Boston as government. The taxes of the State prisoners. Their property was left be- amounted annually to $1,000,000. hind, a prey to plundering Indians, and their wives and children were scattered, and some of them died.

On the way to Boston, clergymen in villages called the people to prayers on the street, to give thanks for the victory of the Bostonians. In Boston the troops were drawn up in front of Governor Winthrop's house. The commissioners made their report, and the governor came out to welcome back the valiant troops who had gained a victory over twelve men, whose most heinous offence was disagreement in opinion with the Church and State of Massachusetts. Their trial was a sort of theological tilt. The ministers and magistrates wished to hang the prisoners, but sensible representatives of the people consented only to the punishment of being put at hard labor, each with "irons upon one leg," and commanded that they should not "by word or writing maintain any of their blasphemous or wicked errors upon pain of death." The Narragansets, under the lead of Miantonomoh, took up the quarrel in their way, and it proved the ruin of that chief. See MIANTONOMOH.

Shays, DANIEL, insurgent; born in Hopkinton, Mass., in 1747; was an ensign in Woodbridge's regiment at the battle of Bunker Hill, and became a captain in the Continental army. His place in history was obtained by his leadership of an insurrection in Massachusetts in 1786-87. In other portions of the Union, discon

Many

of the farmers had fallen behind in their payments. A multitude of lawsuits were pending in the courts. Conventions were called, especially in the southern and western counties, to consider their grievances. and these were sometimes followed by armed mobs which prevented the courts from sitting.

The poverty and exhaustion of the country in consequence of the war was complete. Artful demagogues stirred up the people of one class against those of another. The working-men were arrayed against the capitalists. The government of Massachusetts was held responsible for every evil; and these demagogues, seeking notoriety, so inflamed the people that large masses were ready to take up arms for the overthrow of the commonwealth. In this disturbed state of the public mind. the governor of Massachusetts (Bowdoin) called (September, 1786) a special session of the legislature. Unsuccessful attempts were made to pacify the malcontents, when the governor called out the militia to protect the courts in the southwestern counties. The Congress, fearing the dissatisfied people might seize the gov ernment armory at Springfield, voted to enlist 1,300 men (October, 1786) under pretext of acting against Indians in the Northwest; but before these troops could be raised, an insurrection had already broken out. Shays, at the head of 1,000 men or more, took possession of Worces