world because it gave the first full information through its published reports of the actual state of Mohammedan lands early in the twentieth century; but for one reason or another some lands were left out in that survey, and in other cases the survey was inadequate or inaccurate. The chief value of the Cairo Conference was to inaugurate or stimulate more accurate observation and more careful report among missionaries in Moslem lands. The first reason, therefore, for a general survey of the Moslem world at the opening of this Conference is to supplement the Cairo Conference Reports. The second reason is to correct its returns and statistics by later investigations and developments; and the third reason, sufficient in itself, is that only by a general survey can the delegates to this Conference see the whole problem at the outset and recognize its unity, its opportunity, and the importunity of the situation because of both.

We will take up the present survey in four divisions:

First, as regards Statistics;

Second, Political conditions and developments;
Third, Social and intellectual movements since
the Cairo Conference; and,

Fourth, The changed attitude towards the Mos-
lem world and missions to Moslems in the
home Churches as a result of the Cairo Con-
ference.

Such a survey can only be general, and preparatory to the more careful consideration of the topics that follow on our programme: Pan-Islamism, Missions and Govern. ments, The Moslem Advance, Reform Movements, The Training of Missionaries, and The Methods to be used.

We must still answer the question as to the total population of the Moslem world by conjecture instead of

accurate statistics, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The discrepancies in the statistical surveys of the Moslem world given by various authorities are as disconcerting as they are surprising. The total population of the Moslem world, for example, has been variously estimated as follows:

For

Yet the discrepancy between the highest figures given, for example, by Hubert Jansen and Dr. Hartmann, and the lowest figures of the Allgemeine Missions Zeitschrift are partly explained by the varying estimates placed as to the number of Moslems in the Sudan and in China. the rest of the world there seems to be at least partial agreement. The most detailed statistics can be found in Jansen, but they are not reliable in many respects and not as conservative as the results obtained in the papers prepared for the Cairo Conference. The latest statistical survey of the Moslem world is that given by Dr. Hartmann in an appendix to his valuable book, "Der Islam." The chief discrepancies between the statistics he gives and those of the Cairo Conference are the following:

Turkey in Europe is put down with a Moslem population of 3,295,000 instead of the 2,500,000 given at Cairo. The Moslem population of the Philippine Islands is given as 725,300 instead of 300,000; that of Indo-China is only 1,146,000, while the Cairo survey gives it as 1,430,383. The Moslem population of British India, including Ceylon, Burma, Aden and Perim, is given as only 59,796,800; according to the last census it is 62,458,077 for India proper. The Moslem population of Abyssinia was given at the Cairo Conference as 350,000: Dr. Hartmann makes it 800,000. Morocco was given at Cairo as 5,600,000 here it is put down as 7,840,000. The Moslem population of German East Africa as 6,700,000 is evidently a misprint.

We turn now to the totals of Dr. Hartmann's survey. That for all Europe, 12,991,000, including Russia, does not differ much from the total of the Cairo survey. In the case of Asia his total is slightly below that of Cairo, which included all the Russian Moslems. In Africa his total is nearly 6,000,000 less than that given at Cairo, while his total for the whole world is 223,985,780; that given at Cairo was 232,966,170. If we deduct from Dr. Hartmann's statistics the excessive figures for Siam, China and the Philippine Islands, together with the printed error in regard to the Kameruns, the total estimated population of the Moslem world according to this latest survey would be a little less than 200,000,000.

In regard to two large areas of the Moslem world we are able to speak with much greater accuracy now than at the Cairo Conference. Miss Jennie Von Meyer and Madam Sophie Bobrovnikoff have published careful surveys of the extent and character of Islam in the Russian Empire, showing that the total Moslem population of Russia, including those of Khiva and Bokhara, is not much less than 20,000,000. And Mr. Marshall Broom

hall, in his recent volume on Islam in China, after most careful investigations, proves beyond a doubt that the Moslem population in the Chinese Empire lies somewhere between the minimum and maximum figures of 5,000,000 and 10,000,000. And although this number is less than one-third of the supposed Moslem population of the Chinese Empire given in the Statesman's Year Book, it is too large to be ignored. We quote a paragraph from Mr. Broomhall's chapter on the subject:

"In spite of the somewhat uncertain light which at present exists we may, however, safely say that the Moslem population of China is certainly equal to the entire population of Algeria, or Scotland or Ireland; that it is in all probability fully equal to that of Morocco, and possibly not less than the total population of Egypt or Persia. A few millions among the hundreds of millions of China may not seem many, but if we think of a community equal to that of Egypt or Persia, peculiarly accessible to the Gospel, and yet practically without any missionaries specially set apart or qualified to deal with them, and, apart from one or two small exceptions, with no literature for use among them, we shall have a more adequate conception of the real problem.

"What should we think of Manchuria or Mongolia without any missionaries, or of no interest centering around the closed land of Tibet? Yet the accessible Moslem population of China are certainly too or three times that of Mongolia, are fully equal to that of Tibet, and probably not less than that of Manchuria. It may, therefore, be said that within China there is a special people equal in number to the population of any of China's dependencies, for whom practically nothing is being done, and whose presence hitherto has been almost ignored."

The Moslem population of the Russian Empire and the Mohammedans of China are peculiarly accessible, and it would seem that perhaps in both of these empires work

among them might be followed by larger results than in other lands where Islam has been the predominant faith for centuries.

Summing up the statistical survey, and without going into such detail as is found in the survey published by the Cairo Conference, the 200,000,000 in the Moslem world are found chiefly in the following countries :

India leads the list with 62,458,077 Moslems, and it is a startling fact that there are now under British rule more Mohammedans than under any other government in modern or in medieval days. Counting her possessions and dependencies, at least 95,000,000 followers of the prophet of Mecca are to-day enjoying the blessings of British rule, and the total number of Moslems in the British Empire is 5,000,000 in excess of the Christian population of that empire. As Dr. Jones points out in his book, "India, Its Life and Thought," this is a most significant fact. The Moslem population of India is not at a standstill, but is growing. According to the same authority, during the last decade it increased by 9.1 per cent. while the population of India as a whole increased by only 1.9 per cent.

Next to India Java has the largest Moslem population of any country in the world, with a total of 24,270,600 Moslems. The Russian Empire follows closely with its 20,000,000; then the Turkish Empire in Asia and in Europe with 15,528,800 Moslems. Following this we have a group of Moslem lands, Egypt, Persia, Morocco, Algeria, Arabia, Afghanistan, almost wholly Moslem, with populations of from 4,000,000 to 9,000,000 each. There is scarcely a country in Africa or Asia to-day where a Moslem population is not found. In some cases this population may be very small, but in nearly every case it is a growing population. For example Tibet, the great closed land, counts to-day some 20,000 Moslems,