335-841. Sect. X. What was the route by which the Aryas pene-

trated into India?

341-357. Sect. XI. The immigration of the Indo-Arians from the

north-west rendered probable by the tenor of the Vedic

hymns.

358-444. CHAPTER III. THE ARIANS IN INDIA: THEIR ADVANCE

TO THE EAST AND SOUTH.

359-369. Sect. I. Distinction drawn between the Aryas and Dasyus

in the Rigveda.

369-396. Sect. II. Additional Vedic texts bearing on the relations

of the Aryas and Dasyus.

397-405. Sect. III. The Arians on the Sarasvatī, and their dif-

fusion eastward and southward from that point.

405-421. Sect. IV. Advance of the Arians from the Doab across

the Vindhya mountains; and their conflicts with the

aboriginal tribes of the Dekhan,

422-423. Sect. V. Indian traditions regarding the tribes in the

south of the peninsula.

423-438. Sect. VI. Languages of the south of India, and their

fundamental difference from Sanskrit.

438-444. Sect. VII. Results deducible from the preceding sections.

445-488. APPENDIX.

445

Note A. On the phrase "Trayi Vidya."

446-466. Note B. Further grounds in support of the position that

the Atharvaveda is more recent than the Rigveda; with

some considerations in answer to the theory of Professors

Kern and Haug, that the caste-system is more ancient

than the Rigveda.

466-467. Note C.

Quotation from Schlegel's Essai de l'origine

des Hindous.

467-468. Note D. Quotation from the Rev. G. C. Geldart's paper

"Language no Test of Race."

468-469. Note D*. Spiegel on the old Iranian Dialects.

469

Note E. Quotation from Rigveda, ix. 113.

469-476. Note F. Quotation from Windischmann's Essay, Ueber

den Somacultus der Arier.

476-477. Note G. Prof. Cowell's note in his edition of Elphin-

stone's History of India on that author's views regarding

the origin of the Hindus.

477-478. Note H. Quotation from Spiegel on the question of the

separation of the Iranians and Indians.

478-479. Note I. Quotation from Spiegel on the grounds of the

separation.

485

Note N. Quotation from the Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiii.

485-488. Note O. Stevenson and Caldwell on the different elements

192, 4 lines from the bottom, for "Panigins" read "Paingins."
259, last line, for "Mahābbāshya" read "Mahābhashya."

332, note 109, line 2, for "Hyreania" read "Hyrcania."

385, line 17, and note 63, line 1, for "Arjuni" read “Arjuna.”

note 3, line 5, for "i. 103, 3," read "i. 104, 3."

NOTE.-Page 89, note, line 3, Prof. Weber suggests that "kadrano" in the
works quoted is no doubt a misprint for "kaïno."

ORIGINAL SANSKRIT TEXTS.

VOLUME SECOND.

PLAN OF THE PRESENT VOLUME.

In the first volume of this work I have sought to collect, translate,
and illustrate (1) the mythical accounts of the creation of man and
of the origin of castes which are to be found in the Vedic hymns, in
the Brahmanas and their appendages, in the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhā-
rata and the Puranas; (2) the texts of the Veda, and Brāhmaṇas,
which speak of Manu as the progenitor of the Aryan Indians; (3) the
passages of the Rig and Atharva Vedas which throw light upon the
mutual relations of the several classes of Indian society at the time when
those works were composed; (4) the portions of the Brahmanas, or of
later books which relate the struggles for pre-eminence which appear
to have occurred between the Brahmans and Kshattriyas in the early
ages of Indian history; (5) the opinions of Manu and the authors of
the Mahabharata and Purāņas regarding the origin of the alien tribes
dwelling within, or adjacent to, the boundaries of Hindustan; and
(6) the Puranic descriptions of the parts of the earth exterior to
Bharatavarsha or India: and as a result of the whole inquiry I found
that the sacred books of the Hindus contain no uniform or consistent
account of the origin of castes; and that in consequence of this dis-
crepancy the theory commonly received by that people of the original
distinctness of the four classes, in virtue of their derivation from dif-
ferent portions of the Creator's body, is not established as the doctrine
of Hinduism, even by a literal interpretation of its more popular
writings.

It will now be my endeavour to show by a series of proofs of a
different description, derived from comparative philology, and from an
examination of the earliest Hindu writings, the Vedas, that the people
of India who belong to the principal pure and mixed classes were not
originally divided into castes, or indigenous in India, but may, with

469-476. Note F. Quotation from Windischmann's Essay, Ueber

den Somacultus der Arier.

476-477. Note G. Prof. Cowell's note in his edition of Elphin-

stone's History of India on that author's views regarding

the origin of the Hindus.

477-478. Note H. Quotation from Spiegel on the question of the

separation of the Iranians and Indians.

478-479. Note I. Quotation from Spiegel on the grounds of the

separation.

480-481. Note K.

482-484. Note L.

484

Note M.

485

Note N.

On the earliest abodes of the Arians.

Quotations from the Mahābhārata and Rāja-

tarangini regarding the tribes of the Panjab.

Quotations from Lassen and Wilson.

Quotation from the Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiii.

8, 1, 5.

485-488. Note O. Stevenson and Caldwell on the different elements

of the Indian population.

192, 4 lines from the bottom, for "Panigins" read "Paingins."

259, last line, for "Mahābbashya" read "Mahābhashya."

99

332, note 109, line 2, for "Hyreania" read "Hyrcania."

NOTE.-Page 89, note, line 3, Prof. Weber suggests that "kadrano" in the
works quoted is no doubt a misprint for “kaïno."

ORIGINAL SANSKRIT TEXTS.

VOLUME SECOND.

PLAN OF THE PRESENT VOLUME.

In the first volume of this work I have sought to collect, translate, and illustrate (1) the mythical accounts of the creation of man and of the origin of castes which are to be found in the Vedic hymns, in the Brahmanas and their appendages, in the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhārata and the Puranas; (2) the texts of the Veda, and Brāhmaṇas, which speak of Manu as the progenitor of the Aryan Indians; (3) the passages of the Rig and Atharva Vedas which throw light upon the mutual relations of the several classes of Indian society at the time when those works were composed; (4) the portions of the Brāhmaṇas, or of later books which relate the struggles for pre-eminence which appear to have occurred between the Brahmans and Kshattriyas in the early ages of Indian history; (5) the opinions of Manu and the authors of the Mahabharata and Purānas regarding the origin of the alien tribes dwelling within, or adjacent to, the boundaries of Hindustan; and (6) the Puranic descriptions of the parts of the earth exterior to Bharatavarsha or India: and as a result of the whole inquiry I found that the sacred books of the Hindus contain no uniform or consistent account of the origin of castes; and that in consequence of this discrepancy the theory commonly received by that people of the original distinctness of the four classes, in virtue of their derivation from different portions of the Creator's body, is not established as the doctrine of Hinduism, even by a literal interpretation of its more popular writings.

It will now be my endeavour to show by a series of proofs of a different description, derived from comparative philology, and from an examination of the earliest Hindu writings, the Vedas, that the people of India who belong to the principal pure and mixed classes were not originally divided into castes, or indigenous in India, but may, with