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real value of the mining produce. It is certain, however, that the supply has latterly suffered a considerable diminution. At the close of the eighteenth century, Humboldt calculated that the annual yield of the Pasco mines amounted to two hundred and fifty thousand marcs' worth, or, at its present value, about two millions one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. With an increased number of mines and workmen, the quantity now passed through the government office does not reach two hundred thousand marcs annually; but the introduction of improved modes of amalgamation, and a more careful system of mining, is already beginning to show its effects in the increasing produce.

The silver is all cast into large flat oblong bars, weighing one hundred pounds each, and in this shape it is conveyed to the coast and shipped for Europe. On its passage down the mountains the metal is intrusted to the mule-drivers, and is rarely guarded by soldiers; for the bandit monteneros do not choose to encumber themselves with the heavy stamped bullion, but prefer rather to wait for the remittances of coin that are returned from Lima. These are always sent under a strong escort, but are, nevertheless, often attacked by the robbers, who occasionally succeed in obtaining a valuable booty. After its arrival in the low country the silver is rarely removed without a guard, and on the road between Lima and its seaport Callao a picturesque group frequently attracts the attention of the passing stranger. In the midst of the cloud of white dust, that always accompanies the traveller on the dry Peruvian roads, a light cart is seen proceeding at a rapid pace from the city towards the port. One or two wellmounted civilians usually ride by its side, and it is guarded by a troop of Indian lancers-a corps which forms the chief, and by far the most soldierlike, portion of the army of the republic. The cart contains a load of plata on its way from the cellars of some Lima merchant to the ship which is to convey it to Europe, in return, perhaps, for a cargo of that far more valuable though less costly metal, iron, of which this land of gold and silver is almost destitute. The strange accoutrements of the escort attract the notice of the foreigner in an almost equal degree with the treasure that they guard. Their patched and tarnished uniforms, roughcoated horses, and rusty spurs and scabbards, give them, in spite of their martial bearing, far more the air of robbers than of soldiers; and, indeed, the history of the revolutionary wars of Peru, stained as it is with cruel massacres, cold-blooded murders, and wholesale plunder, conveys rather the idea of conflicts between hordes of savage banditti than between the disciplined armies of civilized

nations.

The exceedingly picturesque appearance of the Peruvian horsemen is considerably increased by the lavish use of silver ornaments in the equipments of the more wealthy ones, while the slight compact horses are sometimes completely hidden beneath a mass of gorgeous trappings. The sad dle-cloth is a dyed alpaca skin, with the long silky wool twisted into a fringe of numerous tassels. Upon the saddle another skin is often laid, and the saddle-bow is beautifully ornamented with devices worked in silver. The pummel and crupper are

made so high that the rider is securely wedged between them. From a silver ring on each side hang the stirrups, which are large pyramidal blocks of wood, twelve inches square at the bottom and gradually tapering to the top, where another silver ring receives the twisted straps by which they are suspended. The stirrups are often elaborately carved, and inlaid with silver on three sides, the other being hollowed out to receive the foot. The bridle is profusely ornamented with silver buckles and stained leather fringes; and the reins sometimes consist of one continued chain of silver links. One rein is usually continued in a long plaited lash; and, besides the bridle, a heavy leathern halter encumbers the head, to which is attached a long strap, coiled on the pummel of the saddle. The spurs are of immense length, with rowels of five or six inches diameter, so that walking in them is all but impossible. These, too, are frequently of solid silver, richly ornamented. From this description, some idea may be formed of the glittering splendour with which the equestrian dandy of Lima shines among the more humble equipments of the poorer cavaliers; whilst his own precious person is enveloped in a brilliantly coloured poncho, and his sallow face surmounted by a grass hat of exquisite fineness, often worth forty or fifty dollars. In the mountains the same love of show prevails as on the coast, and the Indian miner loves nothing better than to deck himself in costly silks and tawdry ornaments; whilst the women vie with each other in the splendour of their jewels and the rich colours of their ribbons, and leave their half-naked children wallowing in the filth that quietly accumulates in the miserable dirty houses, which no Englishman can enter without a sickening feeling of disgust.

The towns and villages scattered over the silver districts receive their chief supplies of food from the fertile valleys that are buried deep amongst the mountains. Reached by a route which passes through the most desolate country in the world-a succession of burning sands, frightful gorges, and terrible ravines; of narrow foot-paths cut in the face of steep precipices, and crossing slight, trembling bridges, suspended over chasms of unknown depths-these valleys offer a strange contrast to the savage scenery around them. Clothed with rich vegetation, they abound in tropical productions, and in many of them fruits of a more temperate climate are successfully cultivated; for perhaps no other country possesses so many climates within so limited a range of latitude. Commencing with the vineyards and olive-gardens that skirt the rivers on the desert coast, the traveller passes in a few days through every degree of vegetation, until he reaches the barren table-lands that rest upon the summits of the great Cordillera. It is hardly possible to imagine a more dreary and desolate scene than that presented by this inhos pitable region. The broom and stunted herbage growing in scattered patches on the banks of the mountain lakes seem unable to extract sufficient nourishment from the ungenial soil. Stretching away into the sierra are the bleak mountain plains, broken only by vast masses of rock, and surrounded by the rugged peaks of the Andes crowned with eternal snow. The usually pure blue sky of the tropics assumes, in this portion of them, a dark

hollow and deceitful as the riches that lie hidden in its bosom. More than a thousand mines are opened in and around the city. Two great veins of silver traverse its site, intersecting each other, it is said, beneath the market-place. One of these lies nearly due north and south, extending to an ascertained length of about two English miles, and having an average breadth of upwards of a hundred and thirty yards. The other crosses it at an angle of seventy degrees, running about westnorth-west to a distance of more than two thousand yards. Besides these principal arteries, numberless small veins traverse the earth in every direction; and as upon all these lines small shafts are sunk, and horizontal tunnels driven at various levels, the condition of the foundations of the city may be imagined.

leaden hue, and the vertical sun vainly pours | getting that the very ground on which he rests is upon the green, unyielding glaciers the same fierce rays that scorch the dwellers in the plains. The stranger, unaccustomed to the rarefied atmosphere, breathes with difficulty and generally suffers from the Puna malady-the soroche. The sight becomes dim and misty; the hearing fails; a heavy weight oppresses the chest; the lips swell and crack; blood flows from the mouth, nose, and eyes; and, occasionally, the traveller sinks under the attack. But a few days usually suffice to accustom him to the air of these lofty regions, in which he is astonished to discover many towns and villages, containing, like Cerro Pasco, a numerous population attracted by the rich deposits that are hidden beneath the barren surface. But these towns are usually mere collections of miserable huts, whose inhabitants have gathered from all quarters of the world to this desolate territory.

Without manufactures, with no agriculture, producing nothing but silver-the only religion amongst them the worst popery of the dark ages, with all its absurdity of rude mechanical miracles, and all its terrible folly of gloomy superstitionsprecluded from communication with other countries by immense and almost insurmountable barriers these singular communities present a condition of society for which it would be difficult to find a parallel. The precarious nature of the pursuit in which they are engaged gives to the people a desperate recklessness, an utter carelessness of consequences, which the member of a more cultivated society cannot comprehend. The safeguards of law are almost unknown. Crimes of the most appalling nature are of constant occurrence, and are little heeded by the authorities. It is no uncommon circumstance to see two bands of Indian miners meet on a Sunday, or a holiday, in the streets of Cerro Pasco, and attack each other with their knives, fighting with the fury of wild beasts. In these savage affrays one or two of the combatants are frequently killed, and severe and dangerous wounds are always inflicted. Gambling is carried to even greater excess than in the coast towns, and, with cock-fighting, forms the chief amusement of the people. The intellectual character of such a society is of course miserably low, and, in fact, it is almost impossible to conceive a more degraded and brutal condition than that to which the inhabitants of the Peruvian silver districts are

reduced.

The population of Cerro Pasco varies with the produce of its mines. When several boyas or rich lodes occur together, the influx of sierra Indians and traders sometimes raises the number of inhabitants to fifteen thousand, but it usually falls considerably short of that amount. It will easily be believed that, as a permanent residence, the silver city is not a desirable locality, especially for those who have a prejudice in favour of the comforts of civilization, and who prefer that their houses should rest on a foundation of solid earth rather than hang suspended over a crumbling mine. The knowledge that the mine is a silver one does not add to the sense of security; and, as the miners work all night, the incessant clattering of picks and hammers rising from the dark pits that gape on every side mingles with the dreams of the stranger, and effectually prevents him from for

I have often remarked with astonishment the small quantity of food consumed by those Indians who work in the mines throughout the year, and who consequently lead a life of unremitting and most arduous toil, far different from the monotonous existence of their indolent countrymen, the inhabitants of the sierra valleys and the coast towns. In Cerro Pasco the miners never take more than two slight meals a day, and not unfre quently make one suffice them. These are nearly always procured at the fondas or eating-houses, as the Indians seldom possess the most common-place conveniences for cooking. The first meal is usually taken about eleven o'clock, and consists of a roasted banana with a few grains of boiled maize, or a handful of quinua-a small seed resembling millet, which is extensively cultivated in the montaña, and forms the chief subsistence of thousands of its inhabitants. To this scanty repast is added a cup of chocolate or a draught of chicha. At three or four o'clock dinner appears, commonly in the shape of a puchero, a dish peculiar to Spanish America. It is a mixture of charqui (dried beef, or llama flesh chopped small) with crushed maize, camotes or sweet potatoes, a species of bean called frijoles, bananas, and various other fruits and roots, the whole being highly seasoned with tomatas and capsicums, and sometimes served up swimming in olive oil. A huge glass of chicha and perhaps a smaller one of pisco or guarapo (a fiery sort of rum) serves to wash down the mess. Chicha is a pleasant slightly acid beverage, of a dark yellow colour, made from fermented maize or frijoles. It is in universal demand throughout the west coast of South America, and is consumed in vast quantities by the Indians, scarcely a single hut in the interior being without a jar of the favourite liquid. In the valleys of the sierra, the most highly-prized chicha is prepared in a manner that would hardly be appreciated by European epicures. It is called chicha mascada, or chewed chicha, and is brewed in the following nauseous style. All the members of the family, including such strangers as choose to assist in the operation, seat themselves on the floor in a circle, in the centre of which is a large calabash surrounded by a heap of dried maize. Each person then takes up a handful of the grain and thoroughly masticates it. This is deposited in the calabash, and another handful is immediately subjected to the same process; the jaws of the company being kept continually busy until, by their agency, the

whole heap of corn is reduced to a mass of pulp. This is boiled with some minor ingredients in water, and the liquid is then poured into earthen jars, where it is left to ferment. In a short time it is ready for use, though, occasionally, the jars are buried in the ground, and allowed to remain there until the liquor acquires from age considerable strength and potent intoxicating qualities. Chewed chicha is considered far superior to that prepared from maize crushed in the usual manner, and the serrano believes that he cannot offer to his guest a greater luxury than a draught of old "chichia mascado," the ingredients of which have been ground between his own teeth.

The majority of the mine-owners are scarcely one degree above the Indians, either in intellect or morality. With a few great exceptions, they are rarely wealthy; and they are usually so deeply indebted to the Lima merchants, for advances given to work the mines when the vein is not yielding sufficient to pay expenses, that when they are so fortunate as to discover a rich boya, its produce is often already mortgaged to its full value. As deeply imbued with the love of gambling as the miners themselves, and with more time at their disposal, these men spend their days between the card-table and the cock-pit, varying these amusements occasionally with a game at billiards or dominoes. The latter is a favourite pastime with the priests; but the good fathers are equally at home at the monté table, and apparently relish the Sunday afternoon cock-fight far better than the morning mass.

THE VALUE OF THINGS WASTED. "WASTE not, want not," has long been the motto of the kitchen-the master's warning to the servant. Let us see whether the words have not a wider application-a meaning as important in a social and political as in a domestic point of view. Uncivilized men have always been anxious to get rid of the refuse of society-the remnants, the sweepings, that were thought to be valueless; but as men have emerged from the darkness that enveloped them, they have from time to time discovered that these sweepings are not the worthless refuse that was supposed. One after another of the remnants have been gathered up and their value tested, until it may be reasonably doubted whether anything be of such a nature that it ought to be disregarded and lost or thrown away.

One of the most notable instances of the conversion of refuse into valuable material is, perhaps, familiar to every schoolboy in the land. Paper is the mere refuse, the cast-off rags of the poor. Without these filthy rags the 'fourth estate" must cease its functions, the circulation of intelligence must return to the most primitive means, the progress of society would be backward; in short, it is impossible to imagine what the world would be without paper. Yet the materials of which paper is composed were formerly wasted.

The quantity of valuable matter annually thrown away, and discharged into the rivers and streams, is so immense that it is utterly beyond the possibility of human calculation. Liebig has valued the Such is the condition of "The Treasury of Peru" refuse of London alone at thirteen millions per an-a city situated in the centre of a country which num-a fourth of the whole national revenue. Lonhas been inhabited and governed by Europeans don contains about one-twelfth of the population during a period of three hundred years, and which of the United Kingdom, and consequently, multiwas already half civilized when discovered and in-plying thirteen by twelve, we have 156,000,0007. vaded by the great Spanish conqueror Pizarro. Possessing, perhaps, more sources of wealth than any other country on the face of the earth, and containing within herself every physical essential fitted to render her a great nation, yet, in all that is really good and great, Peru is immeasurably behind far younger and less favoured countries. Her commerce and her manufactures are almost exclusively in the hands of foreigners, and her people are sunk in that apathetic indolence and ignorance which seem to be the unfailing fruits of a long reign of papist superstition. Arts, science, literature-the mighty giants that are ever lifting other nations higher and yet higher in the great social scale, and urging them still onwards in the glorious race of progress-here creep in puny infancy, or number as their followers only those whom they have known in other lands. It is a singular anomaly. A country rich in the most valuable products, yet with an empty treasury, and possessed by a people powerless to defend her; a people, too, destitute of that knowledge which itself is power, and, above all, of that better wisdom which "cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof."

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as the annual value of the refuse of our thirty millions of people. Professor Johnstone tells us, in his Lectures on Agriculture, that guano itself is less fertilizing than domestic refuse. We send to the ends of the earth for guano, and pollute our waters with that which is of greater value. Guano now sells at from 77. 10s. to 10l. per ton, or say 8l. The refuse of the kingdom, if calculated at a similar rate, would amount to 120,000,000l. sterling for the United Kingdom. Although these figures must necessarily be mere approximations, they are based upon indisputable facts; and making every allowance for exaggeration, the writer of this article is persuaded that the total value of this description of things wasted is at least equal to the whole of our national and local taxation, as well as of our public and private charity.

There have been many instances in which people have been compelled to make use of their refuse, and have then discovered its great value. Some years ago, the proprietors of a distillery in Scotland had attached to their establishment a cowshed, where several hundreds of cows were kept. The refuse from this shed flowed into a stream or canal, so copiously as to kill the fishes, and became so serious a nuisance that the proprietor was threatened with a prosecution. By the advice of the late Mr. James Smith, of Deanston, the refuse was con

veyed upon the land as a manure; but although the mode of application is most imperfect, the production of the land has been increased fourfold.

At Edinburgh, about 260 acres of land have been manufactured out of worthless sea-beach; the cost has been about 157. per acre, and the present value is about 660l. per acre. This change has been effected simply by appropriating the sewer-water from the "foul burn," instead of letting it run into the sea. At Halewood farm, near Liverpool, a similar application of what was before wasted has been made, at an expense of upwards of 41. per acre, and the tenant, after describing the process, says: "I consider that this may be made a landlord's question as to the first outlay, and that the result would leave an ample profit to the tenant farmer after paying his landlord 20 per cent. for the investment!"

In a prospectus recently put forth for appropriating sewer-water to agricultural purposes, it is stated that the farmers pay more than three millions per annum for fertilizing substances. In 1851, about 150,000 tons of guano were used, and about the same quantity of bones, superphosphate of lime, salts of ammonia, and other similar substances. At least half this money, we consider, ought to have been handed over to the inhabitants of our towns, for the use of that refuse which either stagnates in cesspools and doubles the mortality of the people, or is discharged into rivers and streams to the destruction of a valuable source of food.

The domestic refuse which is thus wantonly wasted contains all the elements of the most abundant fertility, and all that is required of science is to complete that circle of production and consumption which at present only wants a link. The agriculturist produces food and conveys it to the town, where it is decomposed and resolved into its elements; but the elements remain, and mother earth is waiting to recompose them and convert them into food again, if we will only take the trouble of carrying them to her. A beneficent giver is mother earth! Whether we wake or sleep, she is working for us. Whether we work or play, she is doing all for us that the capabilities with which she has been endowed by the great Creator permit; and she asks nothing more than that we will return her bounties when we have used them!

It has long been an almost universal notion amongst farmers, that nothing is manure but what can be carried away in a cart, and spread with a fork: modern chemistry tells us that the exact reverse is nearer the truth; namely, that the most valuable substances and quickest fertilizers are such as can only be conveyed away in pipes or tubes, and spread with the jet hose or the scoop. The fibrous portions are the least valuable, and take the longest time to decompose; and here steps in another recent discovery, which will enable us to make a very important use of this comparatively worthless portion of manure. The manufacture of paper from straw suggests the proper use of fibrous refuse. The farmer may wash the gatherings from his stables and byres, sending the liquid to fertilize the farm, and the solid or fibrous to be converted into broadsheets for the expansion of men's minds. The first process of paper-making will thus have been gone through, before the straw leaves the farmer; and the abundance of the supply will be sufficient to meet any possible demand, even with that desirable fiscal change, the abolition of the paper duty.

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The gathering up of the refuse is daily becoming an object of greater public attention. Nearly 200 local boards of health in all parts of the country are beginning to think about it, and one or two have already got from thinking to acting. Let us hope that every year will accelerate the progress of so important a work.

STAFFORDSHIRE POTTERIES. II.-A GLANCE AT THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE

POTTER'S ART IN BRITAIN.

BEFORE entering the manufactory of the potter, and witnessing the manifold operations which centuries of experience have brought to their present degree of perfection, it behoves us, for the better understanding and appreciation of his art and mystery, to take a brief glance at its past history. The trade of the potter is probably as old as any that has ever been practised under the sun. Some of the most ancient relics and remains of thrones and dynasties, which have long since vanished from the earth, consist of specimens of his plodding and peaceful labours; and it is a suggestive reflection, that while the ancient monarchs of the world, the mighty men of renown, who, lured by the lust of conquest, fleshed their swords in the blood of the innocent and defenceless, have been, in fulfilment of the divine threat," dashed to pieces as the potter's vessel "-the "potter's vessel," the frail and fragile clay modelled by the hand of industry, has survived the very records of their mad ambitions, and remains the sole witness of their forgotten glory. The pursuit of the potter is mentioned, and that not as a novelty, by the oldest writers, both inspired and uninspired, whose productions have come down to us. Both Moses and Homer revert to his art by way of illustration, but neither of them supplies any information as to its origin; and we are left free to speculate as we list, both as to the mode and the period in which the natural conveniences afforded by the shells of the sea-shore, the horns of animals, or the outer coverings of the gourd or the nut, were substituted or supplemented by the vessel of clay dried in the sun or baked in the fire. In all probability, the first rude inven tion was the combined result of necessity and accident. When man first began to subject the flesh of animals to the action of fire, he must have performed the operation upon the bare soil, and he could not have repeated the experiment many times without discovering the fitness of certain kinds of earth for the formation of what must have been so great a desideratum as a water-tight vessel. But we must abandon all such speculations as these, or our limits will be exhausted before we have got to the bottom of a single pot.

It is supposed by some writers that earthen vessels were in use before the construction of even the rudest dwellings, and the supposition seems probable; the fact, that bricks have been discovered of a more ancient date than any pots whose age can be identified, being no proof that earthen vessels were not first formed, since they are so much more perishable. Recent discoveries in America prove that a race long ago extinct and forgotten in that country practised the art of pottery. Indian vases have been dug up on the shore of the Mos

quito river, and the remains of ancient potteries practice of the art in their district, it appears to have been traced in the Black river; and some of us that it is not satisfactorily traced to a period the American antiquities bear witness to an excel- even so far remote as three centuries ago; that is lence in the art, both as to design and manufac- to say, not as an art peculiar to the locality, and as ture, hardly surpassed in the productions of the affording the means of subsistence to the inhabitpresent day. Again, in Egypt, the wares of the ants. There is reason for believing that even so potter are found deposited with mummies; some late as the latter part of the seventeenth century, of them are glazed with a blue colouring, which is the pottery district was confined within the immefound upon analysis to be produced by oxide of co- diate neighbourhood of the then small town of balt, the same material used for that purpose at Burslem, which at that period was famous for the the present day. The Phoenicians, it is well known, manufacture of its butter-pots, a coarse, cylindriexported earthenware and glass vessels to most cal, unglazed vessel, used for the package of butter parts of the then known world, twelve hundred for the London and other markets, and made from years before the Christian era. They traded with the clay dug on the spot. Though the business Britain for tin at a very ancient period; and it is carried on in the potteries at the present moment conjectured that many rude specimens of urns, comprises every branch in the manufacture of beakers, and bowls, dug up in opening barrows in earthenware goods, from the lowest and commonest some parts of this country, are Phoenician wares, ware of the cottager to the most exquisite and aras they are incontestably not Roman, but of a date tistic productions fitted to adorn the palace of the long anterior to the Roman invasion. A colony of sovereign; and though the goods there manufacPhoenicians migrated from Tyre a thousand years tured traverse the ocean in every direction, and are before the Christian era, and, settling at the foot found for sale in almost every civilized market in of Mount Vesuvius, commenced the manufacture, the world; yet the vast improvement shown in the among other things, of earthen vessels, which power of production, and the immense commerce they brought to such a state of excellence and per-which has resulted from it, may be considered as fection as succeeding artists have rarely equalled. They subsequently assumed the name of Etruscans, and from them the Corinthians are supposed to have obtained their skill in the art at a later period.

Although there are yet existing many traces of the skill of the British in the manufacture of pottery, yet, so far as we can ascertain, the oldest pottery in England, unquestionably such, of which any vestiges yet remain, was assuredly Roman. About two leagues from the shore of the Isle of Thanet, in a part of the Margate Roads called the Queen's Channel, there is a shoal known by the characteristic name of the "Pudding-pan Sand," and doubtless so called from the fact, that there numbers of earthenware vessels of a rude shape and rough material have been repeatedly fished up by the nets of fishermen, most of them bearing impressed upon them the Roman name Attilianus. It was at first thought that these wares must have constituted the freight of a Roman Vessel which foundered or was wrecked upon the spot; but this conjecture was abandoned when the nets of the fishermen subsequently brought up bricks cemented together, showing plainly that a building must have existed there at a former period. Reference was then made to Ptolemy's Geography, and it was found that a small island once occupied the site, which must have been afterwards submerged by the sea. The fact, therefore, would appear to be established that a pottery stood upon the island, and was managed and owned by Attilianus. It is said that Wedgwood, the first of the Staffordshire potters who marked his goods with his own name, took the hint from the

ancient Roman.

nations

Coming down to modern times, the continental appear to have taken the lead in the production of first-class pottery; the Venetians, the Germans, the French, and the Hollanders having attained to a high degree of excellence before the English were in a condition to rival them. Notwithstanding the claims made by some of the local historians of Staffordshire for the antiquity of the

having sprung into existence from a comparatively insignificant germ, within little more than the last hundred years. There can be little doubt that the earliest practice of the potter's art in Staffordshire owed its rise as much to the necessities of the inhabitants as to the facilities afforded to the manufacture by the soil. The northern part of this country, consisting of a soil having chiefly a clay bottom, responded but scantily to the labours of the husbandman, and its remoteness from the seats of commerce rendered the demand for labour depressingly low. The abundance of fine clays of various hues and textures naturally suggested to a people shut out from profitable employment the idea of turning these materials to account. The cheapness of coal, too, which some two or three centuries ago was as low as a shilling a ton, offered the means necessary to pursue the manufacture of earthenware. Further, the marl for making firebrick and "saggers" (supposed to be a corruption of the word "safeguards"), or cases in which earthenware is burnt in the kiln, being everywhere easily attainable, all the requisites for the manufacture of a simple kind of ware were at hand. The trade thus born of necessity was carried on in a ratio corresponding with the simple wants of the inhabitants for a long series of years. Up to nearly the close of the seventeenth century, however, though the trade had for many generations afforded the means of support to the numerous families engaged in it, the quantity of goods manufactured was so inconsiderable that they were nearly all disposed of to needy hawkers, who carried them on their backs all over the country. "At that period," says a contemporary historian," a potter's oven was ordinarily about eight feet high, and six feet wide, of a round coped form;" this oven or kiln was sheltered round about by a wall of clods and broken pots, or old saggers, and roofed over with boughs and sods-very different from the kiln of the present day, as we shall see by-and-by. The Staffordshire ware was then of the coarse yellow, red, black, and mottled kinds, made from the clays found in the neighbourhood-its body being formed

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