sands in one day, and conquering by burning up the standing corn; the like but less bloody wars of Hulahoo-the conquests of Tamerlane, who built pyramids of 80,000 skulls, cut off in cold blood by his order at a timethe massacres of Alparslan and of Mahmoud of Ghuzni and his successors amongst the Hindoos-the Norman Conquest the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines-the English conquest of France--the destruction of the Arabs by the Moors in Spain, and their complete extirpation from Portugal, 140,000 being slaughtered in a day-the defeat of the successful Moors themselves by the Spaniards, and their retreat to Andalusia-the devastations of Scotland and Wales by Edward the First-the defeat of Edward by Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn-the overthrow of the Arab Empire of the East by the Osmanlis-the annihilation of the Greek armies by the Turks-the sweating sickness and the black death-the attempts at extirpation of the Templars -and the massacre of the Albigenses and Cathari.

over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.

FIFTH SEAL, A.D. 1405 to A.D. 1748.

In A.D. 1405 first began actual persecution, by the friends of the Papacy, of the readers of the Bible and believers in justification by faith. In ten years more the Bohemian Reformation broke out, maintaining a stern conflict till 1452. Then followed the German and Italian struggles, and the fierce collision between Papacy and Protestantism, suspended, not closed, through the quarrel of the Jesuits with Madame de Pompadour, and their attempt to slay the King of Portugal, and healed over by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, when the Austrian Empire, saved by its Protestant Hungarians, was forced to concede toleration; whilst the French Government, being able to find none but a Protestant commanderin-chief, Marshal Saxe, who could meet the English, were obliged to concede to his terms, that his dragoons should not be required to hunt down Protestants, but the priests, if they wished it, must do it themselves at their own peril.

Rev. vi. 9-11.

9. And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held :

10. And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?

11. And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was. said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellow-servants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled,

SIXTH SEAL, which shall be shortened, commenced A.D. 1748.

Overthrow of the Great Mogul, the first of earthly sovereigns-140,000 Hindoo slaves killed outright in the first battle by Abdallah and his Affghans -Conquest of India by England-Partition of Poland-American Revolution -Dutch Revolution-Conquest of a large part of Turkey, furnishing its best horsemen by Prussia-Belgian Revolution-Polish Revolution-Second Partition of Poland-French Revolution-Italian Revolution. 1805 to 1871. Conquest of Prussia, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Spain, and part of Portugal, by the French-Waterloo-Spanish Revolution-Second Italian Revolution-Second Spanish Revolution-Italian Counter Revolution -Spanish Counter Revolution-Portuguese Counter Revolution-Peruvian Revolution-Mexican Revolution-Guatemalan Revolution-New Granadian Revolution-Columbian Revolution-Buenos Ayres Revolution-Bolivian

Revolution.

As each of the last eight has been, we believe, repeated twenty or thirty times, with fearful massacres on each occasion, we cannot spare space to do more than refer to them.

1822. Greek Revolution. 1827. Turkish Revolution-Massacre of all the bravest Turks, and attempt to revolutionise all things Oriental, continuing ever since-Conquest of Algiers. 1830. Second French Revolution-Attempted Italian and German Revolutions-Second Belgian Revolution. 1834. Second Portuguese Revolution. 1832. Second Polish Revolution. 1834. Third Spanish Revolution. 1842. Vast Chartist Outbreak-Overthrow of the Chinese, issuing in the great Chinese Revolt, which has extended ever since-Conquest of the Punjaub and overthrow of the kingdom of LahoreConquest of Scinde Extension of the British Empire for 1500 miles up towards the heart of Africa-Overthrow by Russia of Northern Persia, and reduction of Abbas Mahomed to a mere nominal Viceroy-Bornese Revolution-Albanian Revolution. 1848. Third French Revolution-German Revolution, caused by the cowardice of the King of Prussia and the influence of the Jesuits-Piedmontese Revolution-Neapolitan Revolution-Hungarian Revolution-Defeat of the Italians and Germans by the Danes. 1848. Vast Chartist and Riband movement foiled by the care of the Duke of Wellington, and defeat of the French Socialists, who had promised to aid it by a descent. 1849 to 50. Counter Revolutions everywhere. 1853. Overthrow of the Burmese Empire.

And now let us take earthquakes, which seem as remarkably to distinguish this as plagues and pestilence do the fourth seal.

In London the inhabitants terrified by a shock, February 8, 1750— Another, but severer shock, March 8, 1750-Adrianople nearly overwhelmed, 1752-At Grand Cairo, half of the houses and 40,000 persons swallowed up, 1754-Quite destroyed, April 1755-Great earthquake at Lisbon. In about eight minutes most of the houses and upwards of 50,000 inhabitants were swallowed up, and whole streets buried. The cities of Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga suffered dreadfully, and St Ubes was wholly overturned. In Spain, a large part of Malaga became ruins; one half of Fez, in Morocco, was destroyed, and more than 12,000 Arabs perished there. Above half of the island of Madeira became waste; and 2000 houses in the island of Meteline, in the Archipelago, were overthrown. This awful earthquake extended 5000 miles, even to Scotland, Nov. 1, 1755-One in Syria extended over 10,000 square miles; Baalbec destroyed, 1759-One at Martinico, when 1600 persons lost

their lives, August 1767—At Guatemala, which, with 80,000 inhabitants, was swallowed up, Dec. 1773-A destructive one at Smyrna, 1778-At Tauris, 15,000 houses thrown down, and multitudes buried, 1780-One which overthrew Messina and a number of towns in Italy and Sicily, 40,000 persons perished, 1783-Archindochan wholly destroyed, and 12,000 persons buried in its ruins, 1784 -At Borgo di San Sepolcro, an opening of the earth swallowed up many houses and 1000 persons, Sept. 1789-Another fatal one in Sicily, 1791-One in Naples, when Vesuvius, issuing forth its flames, overwhelmed the city of Torre del Greco, 1794-In Turkey, in three towns, 10,000 persons lost their lives, 1794-The whole country between Santa Fè and Panama destroyed, including the cities of Cusco and Quito, 40,000 of whose people were, in one second, hurled into eternity, 1797-One at Constantinople, which destroyed the royal palace and an immensity of buildings, and extended into Romania and Wallachia, 1800-A violent one felt in Holland, Jan. 1804-In the kingdom of Naples, 20,000 persons lost their lives, 1805-At the Azores, a village of St Michael's sunk, and a lake of boiling water appeared in its place, Aug. 1810-Awful one at Caraccas, 1812-Several felt throughout India; the district of Kutch sunk; 2000 persons were buried with it, June 1819-Geneva, Palermo, Rome, and many other towns, great damage sustained and thousands perished, 1819-Destruction of Aleppo and Tiberias, and many Syrian towns, 1822-One fatal, at Messina, Oct. 1826-One in Spain, which devastated Murcia and numerous villages; 6000 persons perished, March 21, 1829-In the Duchy of Parma, forty shocks at Borgotaro, Feb. 14, 1834-In many cities of Southern Syria, hundreds of houses thrown down, thousands of inhabitants perished, Jan. 22, 1837-At Martinique, half of Port Royal is destroyed, 700 persons killed, and the whole island damaged, Jan. 11, 1839-At Ternate, the island made a waste, almost every house destroyed, thousands killed, Feb. 14, 1840-Mount Ararat; in one district 3137 houses were overthrown, and several hundred persons perished, July 2, 1840-Great earthquake at Zante, where many persons perished, Oct. 30, 1840.

I have not been able to procure a list of those subsequent to 1845 till now, but believe them to have been many.

We have purposely omitted a few German and Turkish revolutions, because we had not the exact dates at hand; but we trust the list given of what has occurred in the first two jubilees and two sevens of the sixth seal will prove a sufficient list, the proportion being nearly one for every two and a half years, even reckoning a dozen small as one great one. A large part of the seal has therefore passed, but, as each seal often deepens as it continues, we may judge by what has occurred already how terrible will be the final great day of the wrath of the Lamb.

Now, we ask whether this list of metaphorical earthquakes, costing more millions of lives than Constantine's did tens, ought not to suffice Mr Elliott. From 1066 to 1792 no European dynasty, save in England, was supplanted by another except through marriage. The short but glorious reigns of Cromwell and William were the sole break, and they were always considered as forming the revolution of Europe, whilst in Cromwell's case it was simply looked on by his partisans as the triumph of

the high-born prince of Cardigan, overthrowing a low caste half Italian and half German usurper, foisted on the throne in direct contradiction to the words of the last Tudor. Since 1792, however, no European sovereign, save him of Russia, who is physically and mentally superior to those about him, can feel that his throne is worth twelve months' purchase, whilst constitutional monarchs have shrunk into little more than matters of ceremonies. Surely the fierce heavings of the nations among which we live portend that we are pretty far advanced into the sixth seal, and the era of a revolution in which all shall be overturned till He come whose right it is to reign.

If Mr Elliott prefer literal earthquakes, we are ready for him. Can he produce a similar list before or since ?

It will be seen, therefore, that we differ in our exposition mainly from Dr Keith, in that he confines his view to the Roman Empire alone, where the epochs do not so distinctly mark themselves. We regard them as alike affecting Persia, Greece, Rome, and Prussia, the worshippers of Isis, or Horus, or Cybele, or Pallas, or St Nicholas.

But there are many who will not be satisfied with such general statements. They may require us to give our distinct reasons for fixing the date and commencement of each seal. In Mr Elliott and Dr Keith we have opponents (must we call them so?) not lightly to be encountered. A false movement before them were fatal; yet we are not afraid of the conflict, nor calmly and decidedly to reply why we believe that the seals terminated in A.d. 376, a.d. 719, a.d. 1062, a.d. 1405, and A.D. 1748. Let those who dispute the point, that each of these seven jubilees did contain and include a peculiar phase and period both in the history of the Church and the world, followed in each instance by a reaction to an opposite phase,. disprove it if they can.

We have already, in our remarks on Rome as the Babylon of the Apocalypse, watched the apparition of that bright rider from the east going forth in righteousness mighty to conquer, but conquering only to save, and of the bloody warrior from the north on his sorrel charger, with his great two-handed sword, mighty to destroy; we have seen that the progress of the Gospel ended with the times of Damasus; and that from A.D. 376 to A.D. 719 the world was a sea of blood. We may, however, be asked why we date the close of this seal in A.D. 719. Do we make it so because we wish it so? Let each man judge for himself.

*Her words were, "Let me have no rascal to succeed me." As the only other claimant was her cousin, a female, it is clear she must have meant the dastard James, to whom the epithet was perfectly applicable.

Was or was not the bloody tide of Arab conquest finally stayed in 718 by the victories of the Goths? Did there for the next three hundred years occur a successful invasion of Greece, Rome, or Persia by Arab Northmen or Goths? Was not the whole character of war itself changed from this period? What great national successful invasions took place after 719? Was or was not the entire period which followed one of re-construction, consolidation, and settlement? But let us look at the third or western rider, whom we believe to have commenced his career in A.D. 719. All writers admit this rider to be the emblem of legislation, of rule, and of judgment; well, was not the period from A.D. 719 to 1062 that on which all modern sovereignties were formed, and that settlement took place both of human society and of professed creeds which has extended from the north pole to the Indian Ocean?

From A.D. 376 to A.D. 719 all was anarchy. Shew us one kingdom now in existence formed before A.D. 719 or since A.D. 1062. Established law there could be none; for Goth and Vandal, Herule, Alan, Saxon, Lombard, all claimed to follow their own customs in every respect, contrary to the established laws of Rome. Now, who was to decide between Goth and Roman, between Latin laws and Frank customs, between the will of the sword-bearer and the reasoning of the monk? Tribes were so intermixed, and changed positions so incessantly, that the custom prevalent one year would be reversed the next. Take, for instance, the laws of descent. The more intelligent Lombard and Burgundian leaned to that of primogeniture; the Roman, which sought to level all distinctions between men and races, save such as were conferred by baptismal regeneration, or it pleased the pontiff in his uncontrolled will to confer, to that of gavelkind or equal division. But a Roman elder son, where Gothic troops were encamped, might be tempted to avail himself of the Northern; a Gothic younger child, where his countrymen seemed weak and the priests powerful, easily had recourse to the old Roman law. Hence the priesthood everywhere united to combine the various tribes of conquerors and the conquered people of the provinces into distinct nationalities, leaving, for the most part, feudal laws to regulate the disposition of land, but securing Roman laws to fetter the liberties of men, and to shackle their social acts, and to secure to the priesthood, who alone understood Latin, supreme dominion both over their bodies and souls.

If these facts be considered, it will also appear that the rule of feudal law, as distinguished from that of force, could not anywhere have well begun before A.D. 719. Up to that year,