including three royal palaces with handsome gilt spires. About the beginning of the second century of the Christian era, the town was abandoned and fell into ruins, but the remains of massive walls, constructed with well-burnt bricks, 18 inches long by 9 wide and 4 thick, and of embankments and pagodas, attest that where some seven or eight villages now stand in rice fields and swamps, intersected here and there by patches and strips of brushwood, there was once a large city, the capital of a flourishing and powerful kingdom.

A nephew of the last of the Prome kings founded the city of Lower Pagan, 1in 108 A.D., and on his death, Pagan seems to have been merged with the old kingdom of Togoung to the north, but, in after times, it sometimes belonged to Ava, and sometimes to Pegu. There are no buildings of any great antiquity in the present town, and the oldest is probably the famous Shwe Tshan-daw Pagoda, the early history of which is unknown.

In recess No. 9.

Pe. 1.—An oblong-arched recess of coarse sandstone, roughly cut, and measuring 1"2 x 9" in its maximum breadth. The stone has apparently been covered at one time with a layer of dark cement, while the recess is coloured with dark red. It was found in a rock-cut cave overlooking the Irawadi, on its right bank, opposite to the town of Prome.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pe. 2.-A stone figure, 25" high, of a Thagia, or heavenly being, writing on a tablet. The head has a double crown, and there is a flower-spike in each ear. The hands are very badly sculptured, and the right hand, which is writing, hast the stylet so unusually curved that it resembles a sixth finger.

1 British Burma Gazetteer, p. 504.

There are no legs visible, as they are covered in front by a garment.

It was found in an old temple near Prome.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pe. 3.-A pinkish sandstone figure, l′ 8′′, said to be the Guardian Nat of Earth. He is represented kneeling, the feet not being seen, according to Burmese ideas of respect. The Nat is represented twisting his long coil of hair to bring down rain.

From an old temple near Prome.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

In Cabinet No. 5.

Pe. 4.-A small lead figure, seated on a high pedestal. It is very roughly made and poorly designed, and represents Buddha Gotama in the dhyāna mudrā. It is 4′′-25 in height, dug out of the ruins of a pagoda near Prome.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, 1868.

Pe. 5.-A rude figure of Buddha Gotama in the dhyana mudrā, retaining traces of the original gold gilding. Mr. F. R. Mallet informs me that this figure is made of a plumbiferous bronze. Height about 2"-75. It was dug out of the ruins of a pagoda at Prome. 1

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, 1868.

Pagan.

The site of the city of Pagan 2 is on the left bank of the Irawadi, a short way below the present capital. The ruins These two figures had been dug out some years before my visit (1868), and were presented to me by a missionary at Prome. They are said to have been recovered from an old pagoda that had been demolished. See Journ. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXV, page 173.

2 Burney. Journ. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. IV, p. 400. Conf. Yule's Marco Polo, Vol. II, pp. 82, 39, 90, 93, 95, 96, 260.

are chiefly of a religious character, and lie scattered over a space of about 8 miles in length and 2 in breadth, situated on a plain that is backed by the bold Thayo-wendine range of hills. Viewed at a distance from the river, it resembles a huge city of cathedrals and ruined churches, estimated at 800 to 1,000 in number. There are also a few monasteries.1 The ruins have been described by a number of travellers, but only at all exhaustively by Yule.2 Fergusson has also described them in his History of Architecture, and in Appendix L to Yule's Mission to Ava.

3

This city, which was the capital of the kingdom of Pagan, appears to have been founded about 847-849 A.D., and the temples and pagodas date from that period down to the 12th century, but the older capital of the same name is situated above the present capital of Independent Burma, and on the same side of the river.

The city, and along with it the dynasty, was destroyed by a Mongul invasion, 1284 A.D., in the reign of Kublai Khan.

One of the most remarkable edifices is the temple, known as Ananda; and ranking next it in importance is the structure known as Thapinya, and, after the latter, the temples called Gandapalen, Dhamayangyi and Sudha Munee, all of which have been described by Yule.

In Cabinet No. 5.

Pn. 1.—A small, 1' 1" 50, figure of Buddha, clumsily executed, and in the dhyana mudra, seated on a lotus throne. obtained this rough sculpture in a recess in one of the gates

1 Phayre. Journ. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXIX, p. 346, pls. VII-X. 2 Mission to the Court of Ava. Journ. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXVI, p. 1. 3 Hist. Arch. Vol. II, p. 515.

Thayre. Journ. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XXXII, p. 267.

M

178

of the wall enclosing an underground temple at Pagan, in 1868, on my return from the first Yunan Expedition.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 2.-A seated human male figure with three heads, with high elaborate crowns terminating in a common top-knot bound with lotus leaves. The lobes of the ears are enormously developed, but there are no ear ornaments. The figure is seated cross-legged with upturned soles, the one pair of arms being held in a devotional attitude in front of the chest.

From an old temple in Pagan, having a considerable intermixture of Hinduism and Buddhism.1 The figure is in relief against a slab, 12" 50 high, and 9′′ broad.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 3.-A glazed slab of red earthenware,2 13.75 high, and 1675 broad, forming part of the external ornamentation of the Sudha Munee pagoda, Pagan, Upper Burma. It is rounded above, and the centre is occupied by a triangular figure in yellow, enclosing a floral decoration in yellow and pale green, the general colour of the glaze of the slab.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 4.-Another of the same description: no history. Pn. 5.-A circular piece of red earthenware, 9′′ in diameter, in the form of a lotus flower, the centre yellow glazed, the petals and intervening areas of pale brownish-yellow, with a central pale green band, at a lower level.

From the Sudha Munee Pagoda, Pagan, 1868.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 6.—A slab of the same form as Pn. 3 and Pn. 4, but only 8"-10 long, and 7"-50 broad, with a depressed outer rim, 1 Conf. Yule's Mission to the Court of Ava, Memo. by Sir A. Phayre, p. 53,

2 Conf. Yule's Mission to Ava, p. 45, fig. 19.

and a raised area in the centre, of pale yellowish green glaze, arising from the lower margin in the form of a triangle. From the Sudha Munee Pagoda, Pagan.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

In Cabinet No. 6.

Pn. 7.-A lozenge-shaped slab of red earthenware, 8" long and 6" broad, with a smaller lozenge-shaped figure, with four raised facets, occupying the greater part of it, but surrounded by a raised line parallel to its margin, and on a higher plane than the border of the slab. The glaze is pale yellowish ochre. From the Sudha Munee Pagoda, Pagan, Upper Burma.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 8.-Another and similar, but no history.

Pn. 9.-A slab, 8" high, 4" broad at the middle, and 5"-50 at either end, both of which are equally dilated, the sides being regularly concave, expanding towards each end. A figure of nearly the same form as the slab, but smaller, occupies the greater part of it, but one end is more dilated than the other. The latter bears on its surface two conical eminences, one over the other, and in the centre rises an oval swelling, and above this five yellow-glazed bosses in lines, two below and three above, with a concentric raised line around each, except at its base. The rest of the glaze is a greenish yellow. From the Sudha Munee Pagoda, Pagan.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 10.-Another and similar slab, the glaze chiefly bright yellow. From the Sudha Munee Pagoda.

Presented by Dr. J. Anderson, December 1868.

Pn. 11.-Another and similar slab with no history.

Pn. 12.-A lozenge-shaped slab of coarse red earthenware,