A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India

257, 3, for नाजा read राजा.
70, 12, for phrase read phase. 262, 22, for कथ्थ read कथा.
73, 16, for att read ATTI. 262, 23, for प्रमांनं read प्रमाणं.
83, 24, for माडाइज read साडाइज. 262, 23, for लोयं read लोग.
105, 6, for बलें read चलें.

262, 23, for its read as.
112, last but one, for Htet read aitet 263, 6, for H.-D. read K.-D.
114, 21, for अम read श्रम.

267, 9, for संहित read सहित.

OF THE

MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES

OF INDIA.

CHAPTER I.

STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS.

CONTENTS.-$ 1. STRUCTURE OF THE SANSKRIT VERB.—$ 2. BEGINNINGS OF

THE ANALYTICAL SYSTEM IN SANSKRIT.-$ 3. CONJUGATIONS OF THE PALI

VERB.—$ 4. TENSES OP The Pali VERB.- § § 5, 6. The VERB IN JAINA

PRAKRIT.-$ 7. SCENIC PRAKRIT VERB.-$ 8. APABHRANÇA VERBAL FORMS.

–§ 9. THE MODERN VERBAL STEM.—§ 10. Phases OF THE VERB.—$ 11.

SINGLE AND DOUBLE STEMs.- § 12. SINGLE NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT

BHÚ Roots.—$ 13. THE SAME FROM OTHER CLASSES OF SANSKRIT Roots.-

§ 14. MODERN NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT Passive Past PARTICIPLES.

- 15. SINGLE ACTIVE STEMS. -- 16. TREATMENT OF SANSKRIT Roots

ENDING IN A VOWEL.—$ 17. THE STEM DEKH.—$ 18. DOUBLE VERBS. —

§ 19. Sindur DOUBLE Stems DIFFERING IN THE FINAL CONSONANT.— $ 20.

DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING IN VOWEL AND FINAL CONSONANT. - $ 21. DOUBLE

STEMS DIFFERING ONLY IN THE VOWEL.- $ 22. EXAMPLES AND ILLUSTRA-

TIONS.- $ 23. Laws OF THE FORMATION OF MODERN STEMS.—$ 24. The

PASSIVE INTRANSITIVE.—$ 25. THE PASSIVE.—$ 26. THE CAUSAL.—§ 27.

THE Passive CausaL._$ 28. THE CAUSAL IN A NEUTER SENSE.- 29.

SECONDARY STEM.—$ 30. REDUPLICATED AND IMITATIVE STEMS.—$ 31.

GIPSY VERBAL STEMS.

$1. The Sanskrit verb, with its long array of tenses, intricate

phonetic changes, and elaborate rules of formation, seems to

have been subjected at a very early period to processes of

VOL. III.

simplification. Indeed, we may be permitted to hold that some, at least, of the forms laid down in the works of Sanskrit grammarians, were never actually in use in the spoken language, and with all due deference to the opinions of scholars, it may be urged that much of this elaborate development arose in an age when the speech of the people had wandered very far away from the classical type. Even if it were not so, even if there ever were a time when the Aryan peasant used polysyllabic desideratives, and was familiar with multiform aorists, it is clear that he began to satisfy himself with a simpler system at a very distant epoch, for the range of forms in Pali and the other Prakrits is far narrower than in classical Sanskrit.

Simplification is in fact the rule in all branches of the IndoEuropean family of languages, and in those we are now discussing, the verb follows this general law. To make this clear, it may be well to give here, as a preliminary matter, a slight sketch of the structure of the verb as it stands in the Sanskrit and Prakrit stages of development.

In that stage of the Sanskrit language which is usually accepted as the classical one, the verb is synthetical throughout, except in one or two tenses where, as will be hereafter shown, the analytical method has already begun to show itself. By separating the inflectional additions, and unravelling the euphonic changes necessitated by them, we may arrive at a residuum or grammarian's abstraction called the root. These roots, which have no real existence in spoken language, serve as useful and indispensable pegs on which to hang the long chain of forms which would otherwise defy all attempts at reducing them to order. Some writers have lately thought fit to sneer at the philologist and his roots, and have made themselves merry over imaginary pictures of a time when the human race talked to each other in roots only. These gentlemen set up a bugbear of their own creation for the purpose of

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A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of ..., Part 23, Volume 3