necessary to give a list of them, and it may be here observed that in languages which, like English, have advanced far into the analytical stage, great freedom of formation exists, so that many words may be used either as nouns or verbs. Many nouns have, in common usage, verbal terminations added to them, and thus become verbs. We see constantly in modern English, French, and German, new verbs thus formed, as, for instance, by adding -ize, -iser, or -isiren, as colonize, coloniser, colonisiren, several of which have not found their way into dictionaries. The same is the case with our Indian languages, and it is impossible here to follow or set forth all these constantly arising innovations. Those which have received the sanction of literature will be found in the dictionaries, and many more will probably be admitted to the dictionaries of the future, if the authors of those works are wise enough to keep pace with the actual growth of language, and do not permit an overstrained purism to prohibit them from truly recording the language as it exists in their day.

I will content myself with giving a few examples of this class of verbs from Marathi, which, as I have before noticed, is very rich in forms of this kind. This language has secondary stems formed by the addition of वट, अट, आट, अड, अळ, वळ,

, a series the items of which seem to indicate a progressive softening from some earlier type. Thus

घासणें “to rub” (Skr. √ घृष्), secondary stems घसटणें “rub,” घसरणें ‘slip,” auqzi (a potential form) "graze the skin," "be practised in " (an art or science), "scour" (pots), a, "rub off, घासटणें deface," n, "be rubbed," "be despoiled of." Analogous is H.

"drag."

ga"to sink" (rarely used), g, o, §¤°, “to splash about in the water,” डुबकणें id., डुबकविणें “ to plunge into water,” (causal) डुबकळणें “ to dip.”

थांग “ place,” थांगारणें “ to arrange.”

थाप “pat,” थापटणें “ to pat,” थापलणें “ to back water,” “ to steady a vessel by short strokes of the oars while working the sails."

दंड “stick,” दंडणें “ to press, punish,” दंडपणें “to compress,” दंडावणें "to stiffen," compare B. isīgā “to stand up."

Materials are, unfortunately, deficient, so that in the present state of research, no thorough analysis can be made. Nor can any definite separation into classes be effected. As so many verbs of this kind, however, are derived from nouns, the course to be pursued would probably be to affiliate each group of verbs to that formation of nouns with which it corresponds, verbs which add to the primary stem being regarded as formed from nouns in, and so on. In this method no further explanation is required for secondary verbs, as the origin of the afformative syllable has been explained under the noun. Thus the secondary verbs, whose added syllable is at, or vat, are explained under nouns so ending in Vol. II. p. 65, those having al, al, or cognate forms, are referable to the nouns in Vol. II. p. 90, and so on.

§ 30. Reduplicated and imitative verbal stems are very common. The former usually express sounds, or motions, while both frequently partake of the denominative character and type.

In Hindi the second syllable usually contains the same consonants and vowels as the first, and the question arises whether the first or the second of the two syllables is the original, in other words, whether reduplication is effected by prefixing or affixing a syllable. The following examples show that the reduplicated syllable, whichever it be, contains, as a rule, the same vowel as the original.

(a) with a.

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EZEZTAT“ to knock, pat, rap," from En. f. onomatopœa.

EEEEIGI “to clatter, rattle, jar," from can. f. onomatopœa. खदखदाना " to bubble, simmer,"

CEKEELGI “to rumble" (of bowels, Gk. κоpкopvyéw, ßopßopúšw),

onamatop.

HELEN “to quiver," probably connected with q.d. “to be seized and shaken.”

“to mutter, murmur."

"to flap, flop," from

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"to fall off."

YULTA“ to tinkle, jingle, clank,” Skr. YuYu.

"to glitter, glare, throb," Skr. ?

ESTAT “to flutter, twitch," Skr. TMJ?

(B) with i.

“to tremble, quiver," probably onomatop.

feafectar “to giggle, chuckle, titter," onomatop.

farefastar "to quiver, waver" (the voice in supplication), dimly

traceable to Skr. â, útfa?

घिणघिणाना “ to turn sick at,” from घिण “ disgust,” Skr. घृणा; there are also verbs घिणियाना, घिणौना and घिणाना.

fafaqat "to squeak," onomatop.

खुप खुपाना "to envy, be spiteful," perhaps from Skr. through

H. खुभना and खुपना “ to pierce.”

गुंगुनाना “ to mutter.”

चुपचुपाना "to be silent, to move about quietly," from चुप

“to itch, tickle.”

gaga “to be soft or squashy."

"silent."

gagan "to whisper," onomatop.
फुसफुसाना

भुरभुराना "to powder, sprinkle."

The above exhibit the ordinary type of this class, in which both syllables are the same. In some cases, where the rootsyllable ends in a nasal, the first syllable of the reduplicated word softens the nasal to anuswára, as in गुंगनाना, चंचनाना “ to throb," and even with, as "to be unsteady," where the reduplication takes place already in Sanskrit aa. From the analogy of this last word we may conclude that the latter of the two syllables is the original one, and that reduplication has been effected by prefixing a syllable. There is, however, another class of such words, in which the second syllable differs from the first in the initial consonant, which, for some reason, is generally a labial. Thus side by side with खदखदाना, खलखलाना are found खदबदाना and खलबलाना with the same meaning. So also चुलचुलाना and चुलबुलाना, the latter with the different, though allied, meaning of being restless or fidgety. In other examples there is some slight difference of meaning in the various forms, thus from, which has the general sense of moving, come the adjectives “talkative," चरपरा “acrid, pungent,” चरफरा “active,” चरवरा “ expert, alert," whence the verbs “to crackle, to sputter, to scold," "to smart," "to shake, swing," "to speak plausibly, to wheedle." Other instances

are

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22" to toss, tumble, flounder."

FESTA “to be on fire.”

झिलमिलाना " to flicker.”

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Assa" to flutter."

farfar "to dazzle, glisten."

azza "to stagger."

acacia" to stammer, stutter."

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as

In Panjabi, as also to a great extent in other languages, there is a tendency to use a reduplicated substantive with an ancillary verb, rather than a reduplicated verb itself. These substantives are, to a large extent, imitative or onomatopoetic, “to bang, to pop," expressing the sound of a gun going off, "to pipe," as young birds. It has, however, a large number of the same words, as Hindi. these, the following may be cited: facfare "to prate, sputter,” चिडमिडाउणा “to smart,” चुलचुला उणा and चुलबुल• "to flutter," "to tingle" as the limbs when benumbed.

Of

In Sindhi, also, I find reduplicated nouns, but few, if any, verbs, and the language does not appear to be rich even in those. From लहलह “ blaze, ” comes लहलहाइगु “ to blaze;" and a few more may be found, but the large group given in Hindi, to which many more might have been added, is either not existent or not recorded.

"to

Gujarati is fuller in this respect, as कडकडवुं and कडकडावुं “ to rattle,” also खडखडवुं; चटपटवुं “ to fret,” चणचणवुं throb, smart," "to clink, clank," also LUİ; फडफडवुं “to flap, to scold,” and फडफडावुं; लडबडवुं “to shake, rock." In its vocabulary Gujarati agrees in the main with Hindi.

As might be expected from the genius of Marathi, there is a great variety of such verbs, more even than in Hindi. In examining only the first consonant of the alphabet, numerous formations of this kind are observed. Thus from for Skr.

"fatigued," by prefixing a shortened form, they make ata"to be distressed, to starve," and a "to worry, harass." From the onomatop. "brawl," "noise," "row," comes first a reduplicated noun कचकच, and then कचकचणें “ to gnash the teeth,” कचाचणें “ to screech,” कचकरणें “to slip, give way with a noise." With a second syllable added, beginning