poetical Hindi often uses बाढना for the neuter, as ऐसो देव प्रकट गोवर्द्धन । जाके पूजे बाढे गोधन ॥ “ Such a god is manifest in Govardhana, from the worship of whom wealth of cattle increases."-S.S. Govardhanlilâ, ii. 15, et passim. So also Haaa ya || “It grows like the threads of the lotus.”—Padm. This subject will be more fully discussed under the causal. § 24. Gujarati, as will have been noticed in the examples given in the last section, often wants the neuter stem with the short vowel, but has in its place a form in which â is added to the stem, the included vowel of which is short. This form is not incorrectly treated by some grammarians as the ordinary passive of the language. It should, however, in strictness, be recognized as the passive intransitive (that form marked -1 in the scale, § 10). The rules for its formation are simple, in stems, whether neuter or active, having â as the included vowel, it is shortened to a, as The shortening does not always take place when the included vowel is i or û, though from the way in which short and long vowels are used indiscriminately in Gujarati, it is not safe to lay down a hard and fast rule on this point, thus— शीख “ learn,” शीखा (शिखा ) “be learnt.” शीवा (शिवा) “be sewn.” Where the stem ends in a vowel, is inserted to prevent hiatus, as 1 Vans Taylor, Gujarati Grammar, p. 81, from which most of the following remarks are borrowed, though I diverge from him in some points in which his views seem to be open to correction. With regard to the meaning and method of using this phase, it appears that its construction resembles that of the neuter, while it implies either simple passiveness, habit, or power. As a simple passive, रामथी रावण मरायो “ Ravana was killed by Ráma,” आ खेतर मां बी ववायुं “ In this field seed has been sown;" as expressing habit, quà a◄ “thus it is correctly said,” i.e. "this is the correct way of expressing it ;" आ छोकरो मूर्ख जणायछे “ this boy is (usually) thought to be stupid;" as expressing power or fitness, ana at “he cannot walk," literally "by him it is not walked;" tit gene aria afg "a king cannot (or must not) do injustice;' कूवो अभडायो माटे एनुं पाणी पीवाय नहि “ the well has become impure, therefore its water is not drunk." Some of the words which take this form are, to all intents and purposes, simple neuters in meaning, like abhaḍâyo in the sentence just quoted, which means "to be ceremonially impure," and points back to a Sanskrit denominative, as though from "not," and "good," there had been formed a verb “it is not good." So also a "to be used," "to be in use," as a अर्थ ना बे प्रत्यय वपराय छे “ two affixes are in use with one meaning,” postulates from व्यापार, a denominative व्यापारायते, or perhaps the causal of वि + आ + पृ = व्यापारयति. This seems to be the real origin of this phase, though some would derive it from a form of the Prakrit passive. At any rate, the two stems just quoted (and there are several others of the same kind) look more like denominatives than anything else, though in others this form inclines more to the passive signification, as भीमक सुता नुं वदन सुधाकर देखीने शोभाय । चन्द्रमा तो चीण पामी आभमां संताय ॥ Scat de "Having seen the moon-like face of the daughter of Bhîmaka in its beauty-The moon wasted away, having hidden itself in the clouds."-Premânand in K.-D. ii. 74. Here is "to be beautiful," and looks like a denominative, but has more of a passive or reflexive meaning, "to be hidden," "to hide oneself." Again, दमयंती नुं उदर देखी सुखायुं सरोवर "Seeing the belly of Damayanti, the lake dried up," (ib. ii. 75), literally "was dried up." So also +7= त्यारे कूवो खोदावे ए अनि केम ओलवाय । “ When the house has caught (fire), he has a well dug, how can this fire be put out?” —K.-D. i. 184. The verb is also written, and is probably the same as 0. "to descend, alight,” M. "to trickle, flow down," which I take to be from अपसरति, Pr. ओशलद (Magadhi ), and with change of स to ह = ओहल. . It is used in the sense of removing oneself, thus: và â dìygu “ho there! get out of the way!" (Mṛ. 210), and causal ओशालिदा मए शअडा “I have got the cart out of the way," (ib. 211) = Skr. ft. This phrase is conjugated throughout all the tenses, thus a "to be lost.' Present "he is lost," Future "he will be lost," Preterite खोवाओ, खोवाणो, or खोवाएलो छे “he has been lost,” and in active verbs it is used in the Bhava-prayoga, as a sort of potential, as तेनाथी छोडाय " he can loose, ” तेनाथी छोडायो "he could loose," art at “he will be able to loose." As to the other languages, a similar form is found in the Bhojpuri dialect of Hindi, used as a simple passive, as “ seize,” पकडा “ be seized,” as हम पकडाइत बा “I am being seized." In this dialect, however, there are signs, as will be shown further on, of a passive similar to that in use in classical Hindi. In the old Maithil dialect of Bidyâpati, which is transitional between eastern Hindi and Bengali, this form is found; thus, सिकता जल जेछे थलहि शुकायल “ As water poured out on the ground is dried up."-Pad. 984. erat izred धरणी लोटायल gai“(He who is) the moon of Gokul rolled himself on the earth.”—P.K.S. 77. जनु इंदीवर पबने पेलिल अलि भरे उलटाय। “As a lotus pressed down by the wind is tilted by the weight of bees" (var. lect. ft=by a swarm).-Pad. 1352. 1 This is equivalent in meaning to our English saying, "When the steed is stolen, sbut the stable door." There seems to be some difficulty in deducing this form from a Prakrit passive. One of the methods in which the passive in Prakrit is formed is by resolving the y of Sanskrit into a or ia, Skr. खाद्यते =Pr. खाईअदि ; and it is supposed that this र्दू has become, and subsequently, but no instances of intermediate forms are found; it would seem, therefore, more correct to suppose that this form originates from the causal of Sanskrit in those instances where the causal characteristics are used to form denominatives, and has from them been extended to other verbs. Neither explanation, however, is quite satisfactory, and the question is one which must be left for further research. § 25. The regular Passive (phase-2) is found only in Sindhi, Panjabi, and in some rustic dialects of Hindi. It arises from the Prakrit passive in ijja (Var. viii. 58, 59). Thus Skr. çrûyate = suņijjaï, gamyate = gamijjai, hasyate = hasijjai. In Sindhi the passive is formed by adding to the neuter or active = stem.' Thus or A passive is also made from causal stems, as वित्राइणु “ to lose,” Passive विञाइजणु “ to be lost.” Here, also, we find denominatives which have no corresponding active form, and have scarcely a passive sense, as gefieay "to long for," where the causal termination used in Sanskrit for denominatives appears to have been confused with the ijja of the passive. Thus Skr. "longing," makes a verb Buf "to long for," whence the Sindhi ukhanḍijanu. So also fery "to be entangled," which seems to be from Skr. अंगुडिजणु अङ्गुल, or अङ्कुरि f "a finger," whence we may suppose a verb 1 Trumpp, Sindhi Grammar, p. 258. अङ्गुरयति afa "to be intertwined (like the fingers of clasped hands);"ffy "to be angry," from "anger," Skr. डमर “uproar,” of which the denominative would be डमरयति. In cases where the vowel of the active stem is long in the imperative, but shortened in the infinitive, the passive retains the long vowel. Thus A similarly formed passive is used in the Marwâṛi dialect of Hindi, spoken west of the Aravalli hills towards Jodhpur, and thus not very far from Sindh. Instances are करीजणो “ to be done.” करणो “ to do,” खावणो “ to eat,” खवीजणो “to be eaten.” Thus they say म्हें सुं अवीजे नहीं = H. मुझ से आया नहीं जाता “ by me it is not come," i.e. "I am not coming." tâcì agt = H. तुम से नहीं खाया जायगा “ by you it will not be eaten,” i.e. "you will not (be able to) eat it." This passive construction is frequent in the Indian languages, but usually with the negative expressing that the speaker is unable or unwilling to do a thing.' The insertion of instead of in and is peculiar and unaccountable. Panjabi also has a synthetical passive, though rarely used. It is formed by adding to the root, and is probably derived from that form of the Prakrit passive which ends in ía, as I have to thank Mr. Kellogg, of Allahabad, author of the best, if not of the only really good Hindi Grammar, for communicating this form to me in a letter. I was previously unaware of it. |