99.66 out," extract," ," "to take something out" (from a box, etc.), P. कढ and खड्डू, S. कढ, G. B. काड, M. O. काढ. H. has a corresponding neuter "to be taken out," "to flow forth," "issue," which is perhaps from the p.p.p. Var. viii. 40, gives Pr. a=Skr. afa, which affords an analogy for a Pr. like the Pali, very much used in the compound with निस्; thus— Skr. निष्कृष्, i. निष्कर्षति, Pa. रिक्कडूति “ to turn out of doors, expel ;” as to Pr. in Mr. 354 occurs fu"begone!” and in the line above fuckTafe “turn him out." For the change of to, Var. viii. 41 उब्वेल्लद् = उद्वेष्टति affords an analogy, as the change in both words occurs only in composition. Several of the moderns have pairs of words, thus: H. निकल ", " go out,” P. निक्कळ, S. निकिर, G. निकळ, 0. निकिळ, and H. निकाल a, “ turn out,” P. निक्काळ, S. निकार, निकेर. In the above quoted passages of Mr., the scholiast renders fandtafe by निष्काशय, erroneously for निष्कासय, from निस् and कस्, but this is not the etymological equivalent, for √ with fa has left a separate set of descendants, whose meaning is, however, almost the same as nikal and its group. Thus we find H. faqan, go out," P. faga, G. id., and H. fat a, "to turn out," often used in a milder sense, “to bring out," the substantive is frequently used to mean the issue or completion of a business, also as a place of exit, as "there is no exit for the water," P. Fata. 66 § 22. As exhibiting the phonetic modifications of the root syllable, as well as the treatment of roots in respect to their phase, whether active or neuter, the list which is here inserted will be useful. In the next section will be found some remarks on the deductions to be made from these examples. Skr. / तप् “heat,” i. तपति, Pa. id., Pr. तवद्. In Sanskrit it is both a and n, so also in Pali. In the latter the passive तप्पति (Skr. तप्यते) means to be distressed, to suffer, and in this sense Pr. uses, as in 229). jaha ditṭho tavaï khalo, “as the bad man is distressed when seen (Hâla, Causal तापयति “ to cause to burn,” Pa. तापेति “ to distress,” Pr..The moderns take it as a neuter. to glow," and so in all but B. . . a G., M. id., B. a. H. तप् ”, "to be heated, Skr. √ faq “smear,” vi. faæfa, Pa. id., Pr. faqg, faqg, H. FTT, लेप, P. लिप्प, लिम्ब, लिम्म, s. लिंब, लिम, G. लिप, M. लेप, B. लेप, 0. feq. Pass. fwa, Pa. faufa, Pr. fawg, H. faq" to be smeared with," M. faч, G. ч, which is the reverse of the others. Skr. √ a “cut,” vi. afa, also i. a, Pa. not given. If the Bhû type be taken, as it generally is, then Pr. should have (on the analogy of a=a). I have not met with it. The Bhû type being Âtmanepada would result in a modern neuter, thus we get H. “to be cut," P., S., M. id., B. “to wither," become flaccid, O. . The causal is कर्त्तयति, whence G. pass. intrans. (- 1) कटा, but if formed on the usual type would give a Pr. 2, whence H. S. M. B. O. id. “to cut,” Skr. √ ग्रथ् ग्रन्थ् “ tie, ” i. ग्रंथति, ix. ग्रष्ट्वाति, Pa. गंथति, गंथेति, Pr. गंठद्द्. Hence H. G. गांठ “, “ to knot,” P. गंढ, गड्डू, S. गंढ, M. गांठ, गांथ, both a and a, G. गांठ 4, B. गांत, गांथ, 0. गण्ठ. Passive ग्रन्थते used in a reflexive sense, whence H. "to be knotted," or without anuswara, P. गठ, G. गठा (- 1). H. has also forms गंथ n, and गांथ 4, the former from Pr. J, Mr. 157. The p.p.p. f appears in Pr. as गुत्थो, perhaps as if from a Skr. गृथित. Hence we have a pair of verbs, H. गुथ “ to be threaded (as beads on a string),” P. J “to be tightly plaited (as hair), to be strong, wellknit (as limbs),” M. and “to become tangled, to be difficult or involved (an affair),” G. J, and H. “to thread,” G. गुंथ. Skr. / टल् “ totter,” i. टलति (perhaps connected with / चल titubare, see Vol. I. p. 210). I have not found it in Pr.; it is n in Skr. and thus H. Tn, “to give way, yield, totter," P. G. M. T∞, S. fza, zt, B. टल “to slip, stagger," 0. रळ id. Causal टालयति, H. टाल a, " to "to push," P. ¿Ã, G. M. id., S. TTT, B. TE“ to drive away," delay, put off, evade," O. 66 id. Skr. √ तुल्, तूल “ raise,” “ weigh,” i. तोलति, x. तुलयति and तोलय०, Pa. तुलेति, Pr. तुलद्, H. तोल, तौल, “ to weigh,” P. तोल, S. तोर, G. id., M. तुळ, both a and n, B. तोला and तुल, 0. तौल. Pass. तुल्यते, would be Pr. JE, H. Jan, “to be weighed, to weigh,” i.e. to be of a certain weight, P. id., S. JC, B. O. JE. Skr. √ स्तम्भ् “prop,” v. स्तभ्नोति, ix. स्तभ्नाति. Pa, the verb is not . given in Childers, it would be थंभति, Pr. थंभइ, H. थांभ, also spelt थाम and थांब , “to prop, support,” P. थम्म्ह or थंम्ह, S. थंभ, G. थांभ, B. थामा, 0. थाम. Pass. स्तभ्यते ; there is also an Atmane conjugation स्तम्भते. From this latter probably H. थंभ, थम, थंब ”, “ to be supported, to be restrained," hence "to stop, cease," P. H, S. YA, G. ÝH, M. YA, YA, Yiq. It also means "to stand," especially in G. "standing,” as The p.p.p. is, Pr., whence Old-H. गोपी जन वोथिक है चितवति सब ठाढी ॥ " All the Gopis on the terrace standing and looking."-S. S. Bâl lîla, 47, 14. On the analogy of this the modern colloquial H. खडा is probably to be derived from a Pr. खड्डू, from स्कव्ध, √ स्कंभ. P. has खडा adj. "standing, ” whence a verb खड "to stand." न Skr. √ वृत् with नि, निवृत्, i. निवर्त्तते “ to come to an end, be finished,” Pr. fu, means "to return," na piattaï jovvaņam aïkkantam =♬ निवर्त्तते यौवनं अतिक्रान्तं " Youth when once passed does not return again" (Hâla, 251), but we may postulate a form fu, whence H. fan," to be finished, to be done with, used up," P. id., S. fafa or निबिर, B. निबड, Oid. On the analogy of similar words H. निबाड, faa, "to finish," P. id., S. fat, B. O. fate, it might also come from faqafa = Pr. fuq, but the meaning is less appropriate. Skr. √ a with fa, fquz, i. fauza “be destroyed," Pa. fquefa, Pr. fas. With loss of aspiration, H. faen, “to become useless, to be spoilt,” P. id., S. बिगिड, G. बगड, M. retains the aspirate बिघड, B. 0. बिगड. Causal विघटयति, but Pa. विघाटेति, with characteristic long vowel of causal, Pr. I have not found; it would be faasg, H. faa, "to spoil," P. S. G. id., M. fate. बिगाड 4, There are, as might be expected, many verbs, and those often the very commonest, in the modern languages, which cannot be traced back to any Prakrit stem with any degree of certainty. Others, too, though they preserve traces of a Prakrit origin, cannot be connected with any root in use in Sanskrit. These are probably relics of that ancient Aryan folk-speech which has lived on side by side with the sacred language of the Brahmins, without being preserved in it. Sometimes one comes across such a root in the Dhâtupâṭha, but not in literature; and occasionally the cognate Aryan languages of Europe have preserved the word, though it is strangely missing in Sanskrit. An instance in point is the following: H. लाद , “to load," P. E, more from analogy than anything else, S. लड. In all the rest लाद. a H.n, “to be loaded;" not in the others. Bopp (Comp. Gloss. s. v.) suggests a derivation from √, p.p.p. “tired," or √, p.p.p. "tired." This would seem to be confirmed by Russian klaď “ load," klazha "lading," na-kladevať "to load;" Old-High-German hladid, Anglo-Saxon hladan "to load," hlad "a load," Mod. HighGerman laden. The wide phonetic changes observable between various members of the great Indo-European family so seldom occur between Sanskrit and its daughters, that I am disposed to think that neither Skr. Y nor M could well have given rise to a Hindi lád. It seems more probable that this is a primitive Aryan root which has, for some reason unknown to us, been left on one side by classical Sanskrit. Of doubtful, or only partially traceable, origin, are the following: H. खोद and खोड a, “ to dig,” P. id., S. खोट, खोड, G. खोद, M. खोड, खुड, B. खुद And H. खुद, खुड “ to be dug.” With this pair I propose to connect H. a, “to open," P. WIFE, EFT, S. G. M. खोल, B. O. खुल, and H. खुल ”, “ to come open,” P. खुबह, S. खुल, G. M. id. Pr. has a verb, and this root is also given in the Dhâtupâțha as existing in Sanskrit, though not apparently found in actual use. The Sanskrit form is probably √ “to divide," with which another root “to dig," has been confused, unless, indeed, the noun E, a portion," is formed from, and is the origin of us. The Prakrit occurs in Mr. 346, कूबम्मि खुडिदपाशं कञ्चणकलशं व डुब्बन्तं "Like a golden pot with its string broken, sinking in a well," where the scholiast renders कूपे खण्डितपाशं, etc. Also in Mr. 219, अडुइददिनअरे गोबालअदारओ खुडिदो, “ While the sun was only half risen the cowherd's son escaped," i.e. broke out. It is probable that the two senses of digging and opening in the two modern pairs of verbs arose from a primitive idea of breaking or dividing. H. or बुड, ", "to dive, be immersed, sink," S., G. JE, M. B. O. id., and H. a, "to drown, to immerse," S. id., occurs in M. and S., not as active of, but for () "to shave." Apparently, an inverted form of this stem is the more commonly used H. an, “to sink," used in all; it has no corresponding active form. The origin of these words is to be found in Pr. (Var. viii. 68), which appears to be the same as vuḍda in daravuḍdavuḍḍanivuḍḍa mahuaro, "(With) the bee a little dipped, (quite) dipped, undipped" (said of the bee clinging to a kadam branch carried away by a stream).-Hâla, 37.' The Sanskrit lexicographers give a √ “to cover," but no instances of its The reversed form dubb is also in use in Prakrit, as in the quotation use. 1 Buḍḍaï=masjati.—Pischel, Hem. iv. 101. |