come round to the same meaning as, with which in consequence B. confuses it. So does Oriya. Even so early as Pali the meaning has passed over from that of vomiting to rejecting, releasing and the like. In modern H., however, i retains the meaning of vomiting, and M. means "to spill," with secondary senses of "giving up,” “letting go." 2. Skr. √ त्रुट् “break” (n), i. त्रुटति, iv. त्रुट्यति, Pr तुड, H. तूट and टूट, with abnormally long u, P. टुट्ट, S. टुट, B. id., M. तुट. It is neuter in all and means "to be broken, to break itself." Being neuter in Sanskrit, a new process has to be brought into play, namely, causal चोटयति, H. तोड, and so in all but S. टोड. It is active, meaning “ to break in pieces, tear, smash." 3. Skr.√ has three forms, each of which has left modern descendants, and there is a different shade of meaning to each of the three groups. (a) √ स्फट् “ split,” i. स्फटति, Pa. फरति and फलति (ट = ड = ल), Pr. फलद् and फट, H. फट (rustic फार), P. S. फट and फाट, the rest only, neuter. Causal स्फाटयति, Pr. फाडे, H. फाड and so in all. This group with stem-vowel A indicates the splitting, cleaving, or rending asunder of rigid objects. Thus we say in H. 3 Y¤ Â TÌ "the wood splits, or cracks, in the sun,” but "he cleaves the wood with an axe." (b) √ fæ¿ “burt,” x. fæn¿ufa, but also vi. fæzfa, Pr. fine, H. फिट, and so in all but P. फिट्ट, neuter. Causal स्फेटयति, Pr. फेटद् and फेडद्, H. फेट, फेंट and फेड, and so in all but B. active. This group, with stem vowel I, implies, gently loosing or breaking up into small pieces. It is used for beating up into froth, winding thread, untying; also metaphorically getting out of debt, discharging an obligation, and in P. injuring. (e) √ स्फुट “ burst open,” i. स्फोटति, vi. स्फुटति, Pa. फुटति, Pr. फुट्ट or फुडद् (Var. viii. 53), H. फुट and फूट, all the rest , except P., neuter. Causal स्फोटयति, Pr. फोडे, H. फोड, and so on in all but or bursting of soft squashy things, as a ripe fruit, a flower 6. Skr. √ 66 or, a somewhat doubtful root, looking like a secondary formation from. It must have had a definite existence in the spoken language as its descendants show. They appear to have treated it as a neuter pres. Jefa, azfa. Pa. and Pr. do not appear to know this root, which, however, is very common in the moderns. H. “to be joined,” also , and so in all. Causal जोटयति, H. जोड, and so in all except P. जुट्ट and जूड, meaning "to join two things together." These instances suffice to exhibit the nature of the parallel that exists between twin verbs of this class, which is a somewhat limited one. § 21. More usual is the difference which consists simply in the change of vowel of which I will now give some examples: 1. Skr. √ cross over,” i. तति, Pa. id., Pr. तरद्द, in all तर ” “ to be crossed over," metaphorically "to be saved." Causal तारयति “ to take one across, save,” Pa. तारेति, Pr. तारेइ and (Var. viii. 70). In all “to save." The word is oue which belongs chiefly to religious poetry, but its compound form with is a word of every-day use; viz. 2. Skr. √ उत्तृ, Pres. उत्तरति “descend,” H. उतर, and in all except S. It is n, and is used with a very wide range of meanings all akin to that of coming down; as alight, descend, fall off, drop down, disembark, abate, decrease. Causal उत्तारयति " take down," H. उतार, and so in all except G. and O. Active, meaning "pull down, take off, unload, discharge, cast out." 3. Skr. / मॄ “die,” vi. म्रियते, Pa. मरति, Pr. मरद्द, H. मर, and so in all. Causal मारयति, Pa. मारापेति, Pr. मारेइ, H. मार in all, but not the 4. Skr. √सृ “move,” i. सरति, Pr. सरद्. In H. सर neuter, means "to be completed,” and in all it has the general sense of being settled, getting done. In O. to come to an end, be done with, aså aft nai "that affair is done with." Causal सारयति Pr. सारे, H. सार “ to finish,” and in all In O this verb becomes ancillary (see § 72). In M. means first 5. Skr. √" seize,” i. fa, Pa. id., Pr. . This verb is peculiar. H.a, "to seize," so also in G. P. B. In these languages it has the sense of winning a game, a battle, or a lawsuit. to carry off, then to win. In this sense it is active, as त्यानें पहिल्या डावास शंभर रुपये मांडले ते म्यां हरले “ In the first game he staked 66 100 rupees, that I won." When used as a neuter, it means to lose, as मी वाद हरलों "I lost the lawsuit.” 1 Causal हारयति, Pa. हारापेति and हारेति, Pr. हारेइ, H. हार, and so in all but M. n. In these languages it means to lose at play, etc. M. is here also somewhat difficult, and Molesworth admits that T and are sometimes confused. Thus it is active in the sense of 1 See Molesworth's Marathi Dict. s. v. E and ETC. winning, as म्यां त्याचे शंभर रुपये हारले “I won from him 100 rupees." The use of the causal in the sense of losing goes back to Sanskrit times, where the meaning is "to cause to seize," and then "to permit (another) to seize,” hence "to lose." So also in Prakrit, in Mṛ. 90, the Samváhaka says : भाअधे अविशमदाए दशशुबसअं जूदे हालिदं (Skr. भागधेयविशमतया दशसुवर्णकं द्यूते हारितं sc. मया ) " By the unto wardness of fortune I lost ten suvarnas at play." From this and similar instances it would appear that in M. it would be etymologically more correct to use in the sense of winning, and T in that of losing; which usage would be more in unison with that of the cognate languages. In Kash. hárun is stated to mean both lose and win, but there must be some way of distinguishing the two meanings. Some more examples may now be given of pairs of words derived from Sanskrit roots ending in a consonant. 1. Skr. √ स्फर् and स्फुर् “ tremble,” i. स्परति, Pa. फरति, Pr. फुरद्द. If I am right in my derivation, there must either have been a third root स्फिर् (as in स्फट्, स्फिट्, स्फुट्), or the moderns have softened a to i, the former is the more probable. H. fn "to turn (oneself)," "to spin round," "revolve,” and so in all except G. It is perhaps on the analogy of similar roots, and not directly from a causal of f, that all the moderns have a “to turn (a thing) round,” “to make it revolve." 2. Skr. √ “to move to and fro” (n). Allied to this is घुण, i. घोणते, apparently unknown in Pali, Pr. घोलद्, H. घुल, P. M. , B., meaning to be dissolved by stirring in water, as sugar or similar substances, "to melt." घुळ, H. Causal घोणयति, Pr. घोलेइ, H. घोल, P. घोल and घोळ, G.M. O. घोळ, B. घोला “to dissolve substances in water.” 3. Skr. "fall," i. qafa, Pa. id., Pr. q (Var. viii. 51), "to fall," and so in all. Causal पातयति, Pa. पातेति, Pr. पाडेद्, H. पाड " to fell,” and so in S. G. M. B., but somewhat rare in all. 4. Skr. √ “decay,” i. and vi. Tua, Pr. Hsg (Var. viii. 51), H. , and in all "to rot." Causal शादयति, Pr. साडेद्, P. and S. साड “ to destroy by decomposition." This root is perhaps connected with Sanskrit √ "to be sick," whence in Prakrit and the moderns. 5. Skr. √ “bow," i. . It is both a and n in Sanskrit, but strictly would be active intransitive, as in the moderns. Pa. नमति, Pr. णमद्, H. नम and नेव, P. नेउ (nei), S. नंवं, B. नू, O. नुंइ, नोंद () "to bow oneself down,” “to prostrate oneself." Causal नामयति, Pa. नामेति, Pr. णामेद्, H. नाव, ना, P. निवा, S. नंवा, B. नाम, नुया, 0. नुंआइ " to bow or bend,” used as an active with the words "body" or "head" as objects, H. ☎ÌA नावना “ to incline the head.” द्वार आइ पद नायेउ माथा ॥ "Coming to the door, bowed his head to (the Guru's) feet."-T. R. Ay-k. 63. In very common use is the diminutive H. fase, P. S. id., but in S., meaning "to bury," "press down." M. uses the compound form from Skr. अवनमति, Pr. ओणइ (p. p. p. ओणओ अवनत, Hala, 9, Mr. p. 165 ), M. ओणव and ओणाव " " to stoop." Perhaps S. "to listen," a, is to be referred to this, from the idea of bending the head to listen. = The following word is full of difficulties, and I am not able to elucidate it clearly. Skr. √ nų “drag,” i. aufa and vi. gufa, Pa. agfa, Pr. aftus, so, at least, says Var. viii. 11, but in Mr. 253 occurs The Skr. p.p.p is, which would give Pa. and Pr. if=nfa. कट्टामि कड्ड . Perhaps this is another instance of a verb derived from p.p.p.' H.a, “to drag 1 Hemachandra gives six popular equivalents of kṛsh-kaḍḍhaï, sâaḍḍhaï, anchaï, anachchhaï, ayanchaï, and âinchaï, as well as karisaï.-Pischel, Hem. iv. 187. With regard to the four last, see the remarks on khainch in § 22. |