जेम,

uft, the pronominal type, with a postposition. G. TA, SA, where the termination has been lost, also for demonstrative आम. This series is sometimes written ज्यम, त्यम, क्यम, but जेम is the more common, as in कीर्ति थर नळ नी विस्तीर्ण जेम सूरज ना qat "The fame of Nala was spread abroad, as spread the rays of the sun" (Premânand in H.-D. ii. 71).

Next in order comes the Old-Purbi H. fЯ, etc., and, with the nasal weakened, probably through an intermediate form इंव, and change of the semivowel to its vowel, P. इऊं and ऐऊं aiún, and the full series जि, तिऊं, किऊं, as well as one without the i,,, etc., to which is allied H., etc., for जिउं. S. rejects the labial element in ईंच, हींच, ईएं, and

the rest of the series.

In this instance B. and O. preserve the fuller forms, and the other languages fall away by degrees, in the order given above. The whole group points, in my opinion, clearly to a type in or . This is still more clearly seen by comparing the pronominal adjective of quality in B. and O., à, for मन्तो is the regular Prakrit form of the masc. मत्, just as वन्तो is of in Skr. It is true that the existing Skr. series means rather quantity than manner, thus

But the affixes mat and vat imply possession, and thus naturally pass over into the idea of manner.

It seems that we have in

the modern group this affix added to the ordinary range of pronominal types, and thus a formation of a later kind, rather than a direct derivation from the Skr. Kellogg's suggestion of a derivation from a Skr. series in tha, of which only ittham and katham are extant in the classical writings, fails to account for

the Old-Purbi and G. forms, as well as for those in B. and O. Also the S. form seems to be more naturally referred to an earlier emana, through enan, than to ittham, unless, indeed, we regard the anuswâra as inserted to fill the hiatus left by elision of tth. S. does, undoubtedly, insert anuswâra to fill a hiatus; but as the cognate languages have a ♬ just where the anuswâra in S. occurs, it is more natural to regard the one as a weakening of the other, and the final anuswâra in H. and P. as the same, pushed one syllable forwards, so that H. t would be for an older form f. As the change, whatever it was, was completed before our earliest writer Chand's days, there is no actual proof forthcoming.

§ 82. Adverbs derived from nouns and verbs.-Under this head may be classed certain words such as those given in Vol. II. p. 296, which are either postpositions or adverbs, according to the connection in which they are used. In either case they are, by derivation, locative cases of nouns. Some are peculiar to one or two languages, while others are common, in one form or another, to the whole group. I do not, of course, undertake to give them all, but only a selection of those most commonly used, so as to show the practice of the languages in this respect. There are, for instance, H. "before,” and

"behind," which are used adverbially in the sense of "formerly" and "afterwards" respectively, that is, with reference to time, and in this sense take, like the pronominal adverbs, the case-affixes, as “the former matter," lit. “ the matter of formerly, " पीछे के दुख में कहूंगा नहीं “I will not tell the suffering that followed," lit. "the suffering of afterwards." So also with "below," and the other words given at Vol. II. p. 296.

Strictly referring to time definite are H.

"to-day," P., S., etc. (Vol. I. p. 327), from Skr. ; also H. from Skr. "dawn." This word has two meanings, कल कल्यं

it is used for both "yesterday" and "to-day." In rustic H. we have the forms काल, कालि, काल्ह, and कल्ह (see Vol. I. p. 350). As the Skr. means only "dawn" in general, it is used in the moderns in the double sense, but in cases where the meaning might not be clear from the context, a word meaning past is employed when "yesterday" is intended, and a word meaning future when "to-morrow" is implied. It also takes case-affixes, as कल की लडाई में घायल हुआ “He was wounded in yesterday's battle,” but कल की लडाइ में जदि घायल हंगा “ If I shall be wounded in to-morrow's battle." G., S. re, काल्ह, M. काल.

So also are used the following:-Skr. "the day after to-morrow." In the moderns it has also the sense "the day before yesterday,” as H. परसों, and dialects परसौं, परहौं, परों. P. परसों, S. परिंहं, परिहंको, seem to be used only in the first meaning. G. परम M. परवा 0. has पर always in combination with fa, and where the sentence does not of itself sufficiently indicate the meaning, they add the words "gone and "coming" to express it more clearly, a fa “the day before yesterday," and "the day after आसंता पर दिन to-morrow."

H. goes a step further still, and has "three days ago, or "three days hence," where the first syllable is probably Skr. f "three." Similarly S. aft, but also with rejection of initial त, अरिहं. Kellogg quotes dialectic forms in H. अतरसों, तरों, तरों In H. we have even a still further नरसों days ago," which is rarely, however, used, and the initial of which, I conjecture, comes from, as though it were for “another day (besides) three days ago."

"four

H. सवेर “early,” “betimes,” and अवेर, or more usually अबेर "late," are Skr. and, compounded with a respectively. S. सवेर and अवेर, also अवेल, besides the adjectivally used forms सवेरो and सवारो, as well as अवेलो. In this sense is also used H., O. and B. id.; in O. it is frequently used in

the sense of "early in the morning," also "early to-morrow morning,” as आजि जादू पारिबुं नहिं सकाले जिर्बु “ To-day we shall not be able to go, we will go early to-morrow morning." H. here uses, conjunctive participle of "to break,"

as we should say "at break of day;" also

"dawn"

is used in H. and O., in B. for "at dawn;" where G. has

वाहाणो, उद्यां उदय algut, M. eat (Skr. “sunrise”). Common also is Skr. प्रभाते, Bid., G. परभाते, of which the Oriyas make पाहान्ते “at

dawn;" in Eastern Bengal one hears probably connected with the Skr. V clear. G. has a curious word connected with

1. The H.

is

in some way not very "at dawn," probably

"to meet," and, like Skr., indi

cating the meeting of darkness and light.

:

"Rapidly," "quickly," "at once."-This idea is expressed by derivatives of the Skr. v, principally from the p.p.p. aftan, which is used adverbially already in Skr. The forms are : H. तुरंत, M . तूर्त, G. तुरत, तरत, त्वरीत, S. तुर्तु, O. B. तुरंत, efta. M. has a peculiar word "at once, quickly," Skr. ("to cut") "a minute," M. लव twitch, move quickly." It is not found in any other language. Commoner, however, is H. "quick!" reduplicated, M. झटकन, S. झटिपटि and चटिपटि, 0. झट, झटपट, B. झटि, from Skr. fefa. "Immediately" is also expressed in M. by

"to flash,

, O. and B. a qua, but these are pedantic. H. P. M. and S. have also a word अचानक; H. also अचांचक " suddenly," "unexpectedly," corresponding to which is G. ââ, dìfaâì, pointing to a derivation from and √f "to think," though I am disposed also to remember Skr. चमत्कार, H. चौक, in this connection. O. and B. use, literally ablative of Skr., meaning "by force."

It is used generally of sudden and forcible action, but also in sentences where no force, only surprise, or a sudden fright, occurs. Similarly in H. and G. एकाएक "all of a sudden," M. Tanya, are used.

Among adverbs of place, considerable divergences exist, each

language having a large stock of words peculiar to itself, in addition to those which are common to the whole group. Sindhi is rich in words of this class, most of which are of somewhat obscure origin. Thus we find a small group with the typical ending in, as "opposite," "near,” Peculiar to S. is also

diminutive of the preceding.

वेझो “near,” with its diminutive वेझिरो.

ओडो

सूधो “ accompanied "with," and

See the remarks

by," O., is by Trumpp referred to Skr. सुधा, सओं “near,” to संहित, probably correctly. on the postposition in Vol. II. p. 274, and on the Nepali ablative in faa, Vol. II. p. 235. From adverbs with the affixes and are formed certain adjectives which may, in their turn, be again used adverbially as well as adjectively, that is, they may either stand alone uninflected, or may agree with a substantive in gender and number. Thus—

Chand (see Vol. II. p. 293). They may also take the feminine ending आहीं, as अगाहीं, मथाहीं.'

Simple ablatives or locatives of nouns are also used adverbially, as―