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ancillaries in general use. There are, indeed, a few others, but their use is restricted to one or other of the languages. Thus "to find," is used with an infinitive in Hindi in the sense of being able, or being permitted, to do a thing. The verb in this construction is neuter, as में उसको देखने नहीं पाया “ I was not allowed to see him," तुम घर के भीतर जाने नहीं पाओगे “You will not be permitted to go inside the house;" so also in B. ufeà 91g 71 “I am not able to read," that is, not because I do not know how to read, but because I cannot find leisure, or cannot get the book.

"to throw," is used in H. with verbs implying injury

to show that force also was used, as

"to strike,"

AIT STEM "to kill."

"to break,"

तोड डालना “ to dash in pieces.”

"to cut,"

a saat "to cut down, hack, hew."

There are, besides, numerous combinations of two verbs, in which the latter of the two does all the work, the former remaining unchanged; but for these the reader is referred to the Dictionary, though, as far as I have seen, Molesworth's Marathi dictionary is the only one where they will be found fully

treated.

CHAPTER V.

OTHER VERBAL FORMS.

CONTENTS.—§ 73. THE CONJUNCTIVE PARTICIPLE.-§ 74. THE INFINITIVE. § 75. The AGENT.—§ 76. SINDHI VERBS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES.— §77. CONJUGATION OF STEMS ENDING IN VOWELS IN HINDI, PANJABI, AND SINDHI.-§ 78. THE SAME IN MARATHI.-§ 79. THE SAME IN BANGALI AND ORIYA.

§ 73. THE participles of the present, past, and future, being used in the formation of tenses, it has been found necessary to depart from the natural order of the verb, and to discuss them in Chapter III. There remains, however, a very widely used and important participle, which is not employed to form a tense. From the fact that it is used to connect one clause with another, and thus helps the native speaker or writer to build up those interminable sentences of which he is so fond, it has been called, very appropriately, the Conjunctive Participle. It implies "having done," and the sense of the clause in which it is used remains incomplete until another clause containing a finite verb is added; thus, instead of saying, "Next morning he woke and arose, bathed, ate, dressed, collected his goods, loaded them on his camel, bade farewell to his friend, and started on his journey," the Indian languages would say, "Having woken, having risen, having bathed, having eaten, having dressed, having collected his goods, having loaded them on his camel, having bidden farewell to his friend, having started on his journey, he went.”

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Sanskrit has two forms of this participle, one in त्वा, as भूत्वा having been," the other in, as "having met." Each

of these forms has left descendants in the modern languages, and although the form in ya is, in classical Sanskrit, restricted, for the most part, to compound verbs, yet this peculiarity has been overlooked in the spoken languages, and simple verbs, as well as compound ones, are treated as having this form also.

Thus in Prakrit we find शुणिआ = Skr. श्रुत्वा “having heard,” as well as fufa¬= fame "having gone out." So also दइअ= दत्त्वा “ having given," चोरिअ = चोरयित्वा “having stolen,” गदुश्च = गत्वा “having gone,” सिंचित्र = सिक्का “having sprinkled,” गेण्हिअ = गृहीत्वा “having taken.”

In Old-Hindi this participle ends in i, as af "having done," f "having gone," which is apparently the Prakrit form with loss of the final a, thus

सुनि कग्गर नृपराज प्रधु ॥ भौ आनन्द सुभाइ ॥

"Having heard the paper, King Prithiraj was glad, being pleased."

-Pr. R. xii. 52.

Chand, however, in his more archaic passages, uses a form in ya, and one in aya, as—

yufa yfa fare TC ||

वेद सिंचिय जल पूरन ॥

बीय सबय लय मध्य ॥

ग्यान अंकूर सजूरन ॥

"Taking possession of the earth, like a garden plot,

Irrigating it with the fullness of the Veda, as with water,
Having placed good seed in its midst,

Up sprung the shoot of knowledge."-Pr. R. i. 4.

Here किय “having made,” and भुगति किय = mod. भोग करके "having made (or taken) possession," ff "having watered," लय = लद्दय “having placed.”

राम

Mediæval Hindi has regularly the form ending in, as बचन मृदु गूढ सुनि “ Having heard the gentle mystic speech of Rama" (Tulsi, Rám. Bálk. 113), if yâ ufs gaâet | “Sages having read the Veda erred as to its qualities" (Kabir, Ram.

34, 1), भक्ति विमुख जो धर्म सु सब अधर्म करि गायो ॥ “ The religion that is opposed to devotion (bhakti), all that having made (i.e. having declared), irreligion he sang" (Bhaktamál, Múl. 30).

From the habitual neglect of final short vowels, it results that this participle often appears in the form of the bare stem, as in the verbs with ancillaries given above, and this form, appearing to be not sufficiently distinct, a secondary form has arisen, which is now the ordinary one in modern Hindi. This consists of adding के, कर, करके, करकर, and even करकरके to the stem, namely, the conjunctive participle of

as

"to do;" The first of

देख कर “ having seen,” जाकर “ having gone." these forms is softened from, which, again, is from af, the older form of the conjunctive part. of, and is used in the mediæval poets and in Braj and the rustic dialects to this day. Thus Kabir बहु बिधि के चित्र बनाइके हरि रच्यौ क्रीडा रास ॥ "Having made many kinds of appearances (mâyâ), Hari has arranged the sport and pastime (of the world;" Hinḍola, 16). It having thus become customary to add the participle of to all verbs, it has been added to itself, thus making and, and this reduplicated form again is added to other verbs. In all the dialects we find such forms as मारिके, मारके, मार, मारि, and even apocopated as Garhwali मारिक and मारीक "having beaten.” Kumaoni has a curious compound form मारिबेर “having beaten,” which is probably the old form मारि with "time" (Skr. a), literally, "at the time of beating." In the case of the common verb ho, the conjunctive participle, like the future, takes in Old-Hindi the forms and, especially the latter, as गुरु भक्त एक न्यारो नही है सके । “ Gurubhakta alone could not remain apart" (sak ancillary with conjunctive of ho="could be;" Bhaktamál, 116, 1), cant du कूप ई जाए "The night becomes as dark as a well" (Kabir, Ram. 16, 4), a at at § mâ "Very great men came (lit. "having become very great;" ib. 17, 6).

as

P. is the same as H., and with the latter closely agrees O., which forms this participle by short i, as f "having seen." This form also appearing too indefinite, in ordinary conversation they add करि, often pronounced किरि, 88 देखिकरि "having seen." O. has also another, and in the classical speech the only admissible, form in ile, as a “having beaten," which is also used in B., and in both appears to be the old locative case of the past participle, and is thus literally “in having beaten." The old form of the locative case having in O. fallen into disuse, the same has taken place in the participle; thus arise the forms देखिलारे " in having seen,” and देखिलार "from having seen," which are respectively the locative and ablative, formed after the modern fashion by adding and

the initial syllable of which is rejected (Vol. II. p. 274). B. has, besides the form in ile, one in iyâ, which approaches closer to the Prakrit, as पडिया “having fallen,” बसिया "having sat," ft "having seized." This latter form is that which is used to string together long sentences, in preference to the form in ile, which is used more in short sentences. Thus Bharat

wa aâ ya: ar? fafter faftan ||
पिंजरेर पाखि मत बेडाय घुरिया ॥

"Another craftily looks, repeatedly turning round,
Like a bird in a cage walks round and round."

-Bidyâ-S. 245.

literally, "having turned, having turned, looks,” and “having twisted round, walks."

S. has four forms for this participle. Neuter verbs take the ending, as "having returned;" active and causal verbs have e, as Ħ☎ “having rubbed," both of which correspond to the Pr. ending ia. Less widely used is a form in io or yo, as मोट्यो “having returned,” धोयो “ having washed,” which is identical with the p.p.p. Thirdly, the inserted ja of Prakrit reappears here, as from "to lift," af"having lifted."

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