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"dig" forms

The explanation of these words is apparently to be found in a contraction of syllables; thus Skr. regularly p.p.p., but the being changed to in Prakrit, a p. p. p. खणित would be legitimately formed, whence खण्ट, to which, forgetful of the fact that this is already a participle, M. adds its own participial termination, and by rejection of the nasal arrives at खटला. So also √ भण्, p. p. p. भणित, whence भष्ट and म्हट + ला. Skr. हन् has p. p. p. हत, but a Pr. form fun would be, and is, used, whence, and the stem-vowel having been lengthened, हाट + ला.

To a similar retention of the

of the Skr. p.p.p. may be

attributed the following, though the etymology is in some

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In § 15 it was shown that Pr. inserts in forms like ghettum, ghettûna, which may be a retention of in grihita. ☎ In the next four words on the list there seems to be a double participle, as in G. kidhelo, etc. The origin of to me, it looks like an early causal of take. In is apparently a contraction of खादिला, Skr. खादित.

is unknown the p.p.

§ 48. Hindi has very few of these participles. In the classical language only the following are in use:

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All the other verbs in the language form this participle from the common stem used in all the other tenses, though in the mediaval poets some of the old Tadbhava participles are found, as ditthau "seen," tutthau "pleased," (tushṭa) in Chand. The three verbs kar, le, and de, however, have several peculiar forms in Old-H., and in the medieval poets, which are still heard in some of the rustic dialects. There are three parallel forms:

दे

ले

has i.

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or fat. ii. atat or fat. iii. tent or faist. i. दीयौ or दियौ . ii. दीनौ or दिनी. iii. दीधौ or fast.

i. Ate or faut. ii. ftat or faxt. iii. atut or fast.

a, Pr. fat and So dinau belongs

The curious thing about these three verbs is that every two of them have borrowed a form peculiar to the third. For kiyau is properly the participle of kar, Skr. fat. It has been borrowed by le and de. to de, Skr., Pa. and Pr. fat, and has been borrowed by kar and le. Also lidhau belongs to le, Skr., Pa. and Pr. st, and has been borrowed by kar and de. We cannot get kinau or kidhau phonetically from √, nor diyau and didhau from √, nor liyau and linau from √, without forcing etymology. These three verbs are so constantly used together, and fall in so conveniently for rhymes in the poets, that it is not surprising that, in the general decay and confusion of forms out of which the modern languages sprung, they should have borrowed from one another. To begin with

our oldest author, Chand, fat, feet, and feet, all occur frequently, with the first vowel both long and short, and the final vowel occasionally cut off if it happens to be in the way of the metre. कन्या कियो अंदोह ॥ “ The girl made lamenta171). It is long in

tion" (Pr. R. i.

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atei aa faa fagt fza ||

"He then made reflection on all sides."-xx. 20.

कीयो चलन को साज ॥

"He made preparation for going."-xx. 28.

Apocopated, as दीय and कीय in

गढ पतिक गढ भार दीय ॥

पूरब दिस तन गमन कीय ॥

"He entrusted the fort to the castellan,

Made a going to the eastern country."-xx. 29.
लीये सब बोलि बंब बज्जिय ॥

"Took all shouting and playing on drums."—ib.

A form with a occurs for le and de only, as

fau

बोल ॥ "Took Brahmins and gurus, saying" (ib. 20), and दई जु कन्या वचन वर ॥ “ When the maiden gave her troth to the bridegroom" (ib. 22).

Commonest by far is the second form with either long or short vowel, in the latter case generally with doubling of the following consonant, and very frequently with the last vowel apocopated. Of these types that with the double consonant is nearest to the Prakrit, and thus presumably the oldest, the rejection of one consonant and lengthening of the preceding vowel is a later feature. In Chand, however, there is no distinction between the two; so that one rhymes with the other, as in

गैर महल प्रिथिराज सषी सवका रम दिन्नव ॥
कुसम पटा सिर पाग लाग कंद्रप रस कीनव ॥

"In his private apartments Prithiraj dallied with his wives and attendants,

In saffron robes and turbaned head he made the sport of love."

VOL. III.

10

-xxi. 22.

So also लूटि धरतो निधि लिन्नव “having plundered the land,

89).

In this passage the pre( In Hindi av = au, so kinnav is

he has taken treasure" (xxi. 89 ).
ceding line ends with किन्नव.
to be read kinnau, etc.)

विहसित वरं लगन लिनौ नरिंद ॥

“ Smiling the king accepted the espousal.”—xx. 23.
सहस घट्ट सिव उपर कीनौ ॥

तीन उपास नेंम तब लीनौ ॥

“ He poured (gave) a thousand jars over Siva,
Then he took a vow to fast three (days).”—i. 189.

See also the quotation at p. 268 of Vol. II.

Instances of the apocopated form occur chiefly at the end of a line ; as

दस कोस जाय मुक्काम कीन ॥

विच गांम नगर पुर लूट लीन ॥

"Having gone ten kos he made a halt,

Villages and towns between he plundered.”—i. 208.
परिमाल जुद्ध पर हुकम दीन ॥

"Parimal gave the order for fighting."-xxi. 5.

The third form is more frequently found with de, to which it least of all belongs, and has an additional termination iya sometimes attached to it, as

दान मान घन दिजिय

"He gave gifts and honours abundant."-i. 342.

In this passage it rhymes with af, which ought perhaps to be read fafaa "having taken."

There is an instance of the natural change into the palatal in सगरी नाव जाय बंध किव्जिय ॥

आल्हा उदल उतरन न दिब्जिय ॥

“ Carts and boats he went and stopped ;

Alhâ and Udal he suffered not to alight.”——xxi. 86.

for fast and fæst respectively. This latter occurs frequently, in a slightly altered shape

बर दीधौ ढुंढा नरिद ॥

“Dhundhâ gave a blessing to the king.”—i. 305.

प्रिथिराज ताहि दो देस दिव ॥

"Prithiraj gave him two provinces."-ib. 307.

All three types may be found repeatedly throughout the poem. In later times, as in Tulsi Das and in Braj poetry generally, these verbs take the forms लीन्हौ, कोन्हौ, and दीन्हो, and the last syllable is occasionally apocopated as in Chand. Thus Tulsi Das

एहि विधि दाह त्रिया सब कीन्ही ॥

fafuan ere faalgfa zt-z7 ||

"In this way he performed all the ceremony of cremation, Having duly bathed, he presented the offering of sesamum."

"The

मोहि उपदेस दीन्ह गुर

नीका ॥

-Ay-k. 894.

guru hath given me good advice."-ib. 928.

तौ कत लीन्ह संग कटकाइ ॥

"Then why has he taken an army with him?"-ib. 982.

The above examples may suffice for these special types, which have no analogy with other preterites in H. Oriya and Bengali have few such forms, for O. HT and are merely contractions of मरिला and करिला, from मर “ die,” and कर "do," respectively. From "go," O., B., is about the only real old Tadbhava in those two languages.

§ 49. The participial tenses formed from the past participle are analogous to those from the present. In ordinary Hindi the participle itself is used as a past tense, without any relic of the substantive verb; it will have been noticed that in all the passages quoted in the last section, the participle must be translated as a preterite, and this is the case in the modern language,

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