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མགོ་མེད་ ,headless་; སྐྱོན་མེད་ ,faultlessé. c) by adding the verb བྲལ་(བ་) ,separated from', ལུས་དང་བྲལ་བ་, ལུས་བྲལ་

, separated from the body, bodiless'. 4. The English adjectives in -able, -ible are expressed by 5,to be fit,

added to the Supine, or to the simple Root, འཐང་དུ་རུང་བ་ 235,fit for drinking, drinkable', vulgo: འཐུང་ཉན་ (from ཉན་པ་ ,to be able‘), འཐུང་ཆོག་ (ཆོག་ ,permitted,

lawful').

Part III.

Syntax.

48. Arrangement of words. 1. The invariable rule is this: in a simple sentence all other words must precede the verb; in a compound one all the subordinate verbs in the form of gerunds or supines, and all the coordinate verbs in the form of the root, each closing its own respective clause, must precede the governing verb (examples s. below). 2. The order in which the different cases of substantives belonging to a verb are to be arranged, is rather optional, so that e.g. the agent may either precede or follow its object. Local and temporal adverbs or adverbial phrases are, if possible, put at the head of the sentence. 3. The order of words belonging to a substantive is this: 1 The Genitive, 2. the governing Substantive, 3. the Adjective (unless this is itself put, in the genitive, before; 16), 4. the Pronoun, 5. the Numeral, 6. the indefinite Article: thus, ངུ་འདི་ ,this my little daughter“; གོས་དམར་པོ་ཞིག་

or

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gown‘; གོས་དམར་པོ་ དམར་པོའི་གོས་ ,the red gown‘; རྒྱལ་ཁམས་ཆེན་པོ་འདི་གསུམ་ ,these three great kingdoms‘. Adverbs precede the word they belong to: ཤིན་ཏུ་ཆེན་པོ་ ,very great'; ཤིན་ཏུ་མགྱོགས་པར་ཤོག་ ,come very quickly'. —

4. In correlative sentences (cf. 29) the Relative precedes

the Demonstrative: གང་ཡོད་པ་དེ་ཐོང་ཞིག་ ,what there is,

give!' i. e.,give whatever you have', and in comparative sentences the thing with which another is compared, ordinarily precedes this (cf. 17).

49. Use of the cases. As the As the necessary observations about the instrumental have been made in 30, about the other cases and postpositions partly in 15, partly in 43, it is only the Accusative, that requires a few words more, as it is very often used absolutely (as in Greek). a) Acc.

temporalis: མཚན་མོ་ ,at night;

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during

(his etc-) lifetime'; དེའི་ཚེ་, དེ་དུས་ ,at that time'; ཉི་མ་གཅིག་

N',having studied for one day, after one day's

study'. — ¿) Acc. modalis:

the size, round';

་ཟླུམ་པ་

regarding

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regarding the

, re

depth, eight cubits' (cf. 12); Fö5SYST garding colour, being like smoke (cf. 50, 1, a); Kms

རིགས་

མཐུན་པ་ ,with regard to (his) birth, equal' i. e,of equal birth. Here(42. 1) is very often employed: Zά~ etc. Nearly in all cases, however, postpositions may be added, and in talking they are preferred to the

ནི་ཟླུམ་པ་

simple Accusative: མཚན་མོ་ལ་, མཚན་ལ་, དེའི་ཚེ་ན་, དབྱིབས་

ལ་ etc.

Jäschke, Tibetan Grammar.

6

50. Simple Sentences. 1. Affirmative sentences. @) the attribute being a noun, the verb: to be, become,

རྩྭ་emaiu etc.: མི་འདི་ནི་མཁས་པ་ཡིན་ ,this man is wise'; འདི་ ནི་མི་མཁས་པ་ཞིག་ཡིན་ ,this is a wise man'. When the verb is འགྱུར་བ་ (to become), གནས་པ་ (to remain) etc. the attribute must be put in the Terminative: སྐྲ་དཀར་པོར་གྱུར་ཏོ་ ,(his) hair became white'; རྒྱལ་པོ་ཡི་དམ་ལ་བརྟན་པར་གནས་ སོ, vulg: བརྟན་པོ་གནས་པ་ཡིན ,the king remained stead

fast on his vow'; in some special cases this may take place, even if the verb is simply ,to be: ལུས་གཟུགས་

ཐམས་ཅད་མི་འདྲ་སྟེ། རྐང་པ་འབའ་ཞིག་ཁྲ་བོར་འདུག་གོ་ ,while

his whole shape was like a man's, his foot only was piebald. b) the attribute being any other verb: རྒྱ་ནག་ཡུལ་ གྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ་སྔ་མ་ཞིག་གིས་ཡུལ་དེའི་བྱང་ཕྱོགས་སུ་ལྕགས་རི་ཤིན་ཏུ་ ཆེན་པོ་ཞིག་བརྩིགས་སོ་ ,an ancient king of China built a

large wall in the north of that country'.

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2. Interrogative sentences. -

a very

a) simple: ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ བུ་ཁང་པ་ལ་འདུག་གམ་ ,is your son in the houseཊི་; དེ་རུ་སུ་ ཡོད་ ,who is there?་; ཅི་ལ་ཡོང་ ,what do you come for?‘, ,what do you want?་. — རིན་ཙམ་ w (རིན་ག་ཚོད་ C) ,how

much (is) the price?‘.

Besides the affix am the later literature and the con

50. Simple Sent. 51. Compound Sent.

83

versational language of CT has the accentuated interrogative

particle ཨེ་ /, immediately before the verb: ཐབས་ཨེ་ཡོད་ tab é yỡ”‚is there any means........?'; ''Ì·Â ལས་འདི་བྱེད་ཨེ་ནུས་

lă di jě ě nú,can you do this work?'.

The form of a question is also used to express uncertain

suppositions (likely to become realized), as: རྗེད་པ་སྲིད་དམ་

,is forgetting possible?' for,he may possibly have forgotten

it‘; ཤི་བ་ཡིན་ནམ་ ,won't he die?་; འདི་བདུད་མ་ཡིན་ནམ་ ,this

(apparition) is not the devil, I hope?'.

b) double: 5555°‚is (he) within or not?*;

བདག་ལ་སྦྱིན་དུ་རུང་ངམ་མི་རུང་ ,is it agreeable (to you i e, do

you consent) to give me (your son) or not?“;

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དགའ་འམ་ཅི་ཉེས་ , are you sorry at my arrival, or what (else) is the matter (with you because you weep)?'.

3. Imperative and Optative or Precative sentences do not require any additional remarks besides what is said in 38.

51. Compound Sentences. After having examined in 41 the different gerunds as the constituent parts of compound sentences, a few examples will suffice for illustration.

1. Compound sentences, for the most part coordinative:

རྒྱལ་པོས་ཁྲིམས་བཅའ་སྟེ། བཟང་oལ་བྱ་དགའ་སྟེར། ངན་པ་ལ་

1) 2, perf. 3, to make' esp. , institute,

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