54 40. Subst. Verbs. 41. Gerunds and Supines. of འགྱུར་བ་ with the Term. Inf. of another verb must, in many cases, be rendered by the passive voice in our languages. In WT the verb ' ča-ce,to go' is used in the sense of,to become, to grow. The Perfect root for both is ,(went), grew, became, has become, is' (s. above). — In CT and later books འབྱུང་བ་ is used instead. ,to be necessary 3.,must' is expressed by (s. 38. Note). In WT this is used in a very wide sense for any possible modification of the notion of necessity: ‚I must, should, want to, ought' and even, I will, wish, beg (for something)' is nothing but to me is necessary‹ which may be, in the last mentioned case, rendered somewhat more politely by adding ཞུ་ 2u ,pray!‘ ང་ལ་ཨ་ལུ་དགོས་ཞུ་ ,I want potatoes, pray!' is as much to say as, Will you kindly give me some potatoes'. In books and more refined language several other verbs are used in the same sense, viz. F′4′′‚it is right to' (usually with the Genit. Infin.), རུང་བ་ ,it is meet, decent', འདོད་པ་ ,to wish, desire', both with the Supine; 5,to like' with the Dat. Inf. The དགའ་བ་ popular substitute of the last, especially in use in WT, is 295, of similar meaning, added to the root. 41. Gerunds and Supines.. We retain these terms, employed by former grammarians, but observe that they do not refer to the form, but to the meaning, as well as that Gerund is not to be understood in the same signification as in Latin, but as the Gérondif of some French grammarians, or what Shakespeare calls Past conjunctive participle in Hindi. These forms are of the greatest importance in Tibetan, being the only substitutes for most of those subordinate clauses which we are accustomed to introduce by conjunctions. They are formed by the two monosyllabic appendices ཏེ་ (so after the closing consonants ན་ ར་ ལ་ ས; དེ་ after དེ, སྟེ་ after ག་ང་བ་མ and vowels and ཅིང་(ཤིང་ according to the same rule as ཅིག་ 13.), both of or which are added to the root, or by the terminations mentioned in 15. as composing the declension of nouns, which are added partly to the root, partly to the Infinitive or Participle. A. Gerunds. All the following forms can be rendered by the English Participle ending in ing, but the more accurate distinctions must be expressed by various conjunctions. 1.etc.), the most frequent of all these endings. It is added to the Present-root as well as to the Perfect-root: གདོང་སྟེ་ ,giving་, བཏང་སྡེ་ ,having given', and stands for all clauses beginning with when, as, since, after etc. Also in the spoken language of WT it is used most frequently. Examples: ཕྲུ་གུ་ཆུས་ཁྱེར་ཏེ་ཤིའོ་ ,the child, having been carried away by the water, died'; རྒྱལ་པོ་ཤི་སྟེ་རྒྱལ་སྲས་ཀྱིས་ H‚the king having died, the prince occupied the throne {kings-place)་; ཆུ་ཆེན་པོ་ཞིག་དེ་རུ་ཡོད་དེ་འགྲུལ་མི་ ཐུབ་བོ་ ,as there is a great water, we cannot go'. 2. (etc.), of a similar sense, chiefly used for smaller clauses within a large one; མི་དགའ་ཞིང་ཁྲོས་ཏེ་,when, being displeased, he became angry', or,growing displeased and angry'. Often it denotes two actions going on at the same time, or two states of a thing existing together, and then can only be translated by,and', thus, HQR‘Az མུ་མེད་ ,without end and boundary་; ཤ་ལ་ཟ་ཞིང་ཁྲག་ལ་འཐུང་ ,to eat flesh and drink blood "*). It stands also in a ཉ་བཤོར་ཞིང་འཚོ འོ་,(we) causal sense: ,by doing etc., as: à·à¤ ̈að ́ ཁྱོད་རིགས་ཆེ་ཞིང་མཐོ་ བ་སྟེ་ as you are high (-born), being of a great family'. In conversation, is scarcely ever heard. 3. N° (from, or after, doing something) in temporal clauses with,after, when, as'; practically it is very much like, and often alternating with it. speaking always, it is added to the root, In most cases, in seldom to the infi *) The objects of sign, cf. English,to feed on'. and འཐུང་བ་ often assume the dative nitive.— Eramples. ནམ་ལངས་ནས་སོང་ ,when the night had risen (viz. at daybreak) he went'; à ̈‚after you will have risen, go!‘ དེ་མཐོང་ནས་སྐད་ཕྱུང་སྟེ་ངུས་སོ་ ,when I saw that, raising clamour, I wept'. 4.,in (doing something) again for clauses with ,since, when, as', but in most cases by far for ,if and conditional,when': if, or, when (I) go, or went'; à ̈3⁄4‚when, after (he) has died, ‚if he is already dead'; F‚if (he) die, should die, ‚if (he) died,,when (he) dies‘; F ̃ ̈‚if... do, did‘; F',if.. were to do. It is added to the root, seldom to the infinitive, and as common in talking as in books. 5. is of more various use. When added to the root, it is very much like, which it replaces in the conversational language of CT (where the first example of 2. would be, མ་དགའ་ལ་ཁྲོས་ཏེ་), but does not occur so often except in imperative or precative sentences, when it is added to the Imperative root of the subordinate verb, just like other gerunds: སོང་ལ་ལྟོས་ ,going look!', ,go and look!‘ ལོང་ལ་ ,rise and go!'. This particle, like the above-mentioned, implies the verb,to be', especially when added to adjec tives denoting a personal qaality. མི་སྡུག་ལ་ཐུང་ངུ་ཡིན་ཏེ་ ,being ugly and short'; དབྱིབས་ལེགས་ཤིང་ལྟ་ན་སྡུག་ལ་མཛེས་ པ་ ,pretty, being of a good figure and nice to behold. When added to the Infinitive, it denotes: @) of course, the real Dative, or the usual meanings of the postposition with a sabstantive; thus, གསོད་པ་ལ་དགའ་བ་ ,to rejoice at killing, be fond of killingé.6) nearly the same as ཏེ་ or , in English, e. g. ལམ་ མ་གྱི་བར་དུ་ལྷ་རྟེན་ཞིག་ཡོད་པ་ལ་ཤིང་རྟ་ལས་ *,as བབ་བོ་ ,as there was an idol-shrine in the middle of the way, (she) alighted from (her) chariot'; རྒྱལ་པོ་ཉིན་རེ་བཞིན་ དུ་དེར་ཁྲུས་བྱེད་དུ་འགྲོ་བ་ལ་ ,as the king went there daily to bathe‘; འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི་ནང་ན་མི་འོང་བ་ལ་འདི་རུ་འོང་བ་ཅི་ཡིན་ ,4s (it) does not occur in the (whole) world, what is (its) occurring here, or, how is it that is occurs here?í. Finally, in the language of common life is added to the repeated root in order to express the English ,while, whilsté: ངས་ ཤ་གཏུབ་གཏབ་ལ་ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་ཤིང་ཁྱོང་ ia sa tub-tib-la kyod-a (15., Note) sizt fyozi W'T, or ཁྱོད་ཀྱིས་ཤིང་བཀུར་ཤོག་ yo་ kyi sin kur-sog CT,while I am cutting the meat into pieces, bring you (some) wood'. 6. ལས་ added only to the Infnitive, literally ,out of (the doing)‘.This may mean a) ,after‘, ཉལ་བ་ལས་ལང་ བ་ ,to rise from lying, after having lain་; དུར་ན་ཞག་གསུམ་ འདུག་པ་ལས་དུར་ནས་བྱུང་ ,after having been three days in |