ཡིན་

use in CT, whereas in WT: — d) connected with the

root is the general form:

ton yin, vulg.: tónin

,shall, will see་, བཏང་ཡིན་ tdiiw,shall, will give, བཀལ་ཡིན་ kállin‚will send', ♂§¤ ča yin, ča'in, čän, will go‘.

e) In books the Participle with

curs sometimes also as Future.

(35. 2.b, 36. 2 c) oc

38. Imperative mood. 1. This is usually the shortest possible form of the verb, which often loses its prefixed letters, though in some instances a final ' is added. In many verbs with the vowel a, and in some with e these vowels are changed into o, besides other alterations of the consonants. Particularly often the surds or sonants of the other tense-roots are changed to their aspirates in the Imperative. Thus, „give!', from ; Ld: Itos, CT: tę ,look!', from ལྟ་བ་; ཐོབ་ ,throw!', from འདེབས་པ་.

particle ཅིག་ (ཤིག་

In one-rooted verbs it is, of course, like the Present, but it can always be sufficiently distinguished by adding the or , according to 13.). This is used in the classical literature indiscriminately in addressing the highest and the lowest persons (or, in other words, as well to command, as to pray), but according to the modern custom of CT only when addressing servants and inferior people. -2. In forbidding, the Present-root is used with

the negative particle མ་, མ་གཏོང་ ,do not give!', མ་ལྟ་ ,do

Jäschke, Tibetan Grammar.

4

not look!',,do not throw! — 3. In praying or wishing (Precative or Optative) either the same forms as under 1. are used, or the Imperatives of to

འགྱུར་བ་ come' or ,to come' (the latter,, of a quite different root) are connected with the Termin. Infin.

4.3 or 44,may (1, you, he etc.) see!' — 4. In གྱུར་ཅིག་

none of the three a person is indicated, but it is natural that in commanding and forbidding the subject will be the second, sometimes the third person; in the precative also the first person can be understood.

Note. The common language of WT, acknowledging only the Perfect-root, changes nothing but the vowel:

བཏོང་ ,give!‘ from བཏང་ཅེས་; ལྟོས་ ,look!f from ལྟ་ཅེས་; བཏོབ་ ,throw!‘ from བཏབ་ཅེས་ (Perf. of འདེབས་པ་). Instead

of, which is not much used, (give!) is often added to the roots of other verbs (s. 39), thus,

-In CT the changing of the vowel seems to be usually

omitted, but the

is more used.

Here, also, the Per

fect root is not so exclusively preferred.

39. Intensive verbs. 1. Very frequent in books is the

connection of the four-rooted verb 5 (Pf. J', Fut. J', Imp. བྱོས་) ,to do', elegantly བགྱིད་པ་ (Pf. བགྱིས་, Fut. བགྱི་, Imp. གྱིས་), respectfally མཛད་པ་ (Imp. མཛོད་) with

the Term. Inf. of another verb, to intensify the action of the latter. By this means not only one-rooted verbs can be made to participate in the advantages of the four-rooted,

as

མཐོང་བར་བྱེད་ ,see་, མཐོང་བར་བྱས་ ,saw་, མཐོང་བར་བྱ་

‚shall, will see',

',see!', but also several other periphrastical phrases are gained for speaking more precisely than otherwise would be possible. The Future tense

བྱའོ་ serves, besides its proper notion of futurity, par

ticularly to express the English auxiliaries, must, ought etc.“: thus, to be uttered', sometimes it may be translated by the Imperative mood. The spoken language, at least of WT, is devoid of this convenience, and possesses nothing of the kind except the above mentioned intensive form of the Imperative, formed by 5 (s. 38., Note). — 2. Another class of intensive verbs are formed by connecting two synonymes, as to be afraid', literally, to È‚to be fear-frightened', and other similar ones.

must not be uttered, ought not

40. Substantive and Auxiliary Verbs. 1. To be a) wo

Ü:

པ་, in elegant and respectful speech ལགས་པ་ lag-pa, lā-pa (the latter word never used in WT) is the mere means

of connecting the attribute with its subject, as: མི་འདི་ལ་ དྭགས་པ་ཡིན་ ,this man is a Ladakee;, དེ་ཁྱེད་ལགས་སམ་ ,is

it you, Sir?'. Therefore the question

is to be understood ,who are you‘ or ,who is heé etc., the personal pronoun

ཡིན་

being often let to be guessed. — itself is often omitted

in daily life in WT as well as in poetry, e.g.

ཨཻ་ཁུར་རུ་མ་

ལྕིན་ཏེ་ ,this load (is) very heavyé WT. Negatively: མ་ཡིན་, མིན་ vulg. མན་, resp. མ་ལགས་. 0) ཡོད་པ་ yod-pa, 30"-pa, eleg. མཆིས་པ་ ོr-pa, resp. བཞུགས་པ་ bug(8)-pa, U: bti-pa, negat.: མེད་, མ་མཆིས་, མི་བཞུགས་

means ,to existé,

or ,to be present“, ,to be found at a placeí, therefore the question སྲུ་ཡོད་ is to be understood: ,Who is here? Who is there?‘ -- ཡོད་ and

ས་པ་ are in general use, མཆིས་

བཞུགས་པ་

is seldom heard. When connected with the Dative of a

substantive it replaces the English ,to have, to have goté, as:

ང་ལ་དངུལ་ཡོད་ ,I have money་; ང་ལ་ཟུག་ཡོད་ ,I have pain‘.

In this case the respectful term is not གཞུགས་པ་ but མངའ་བ་ ia-cc: རྒྱལ་པོ་ལ་སྙན་མི་མངའ་འམ་ ,has not the

King an indisposition?“ i.e. ,is Your Majesty ill?6. — c) འདུག་པ་ dug-pu (eleg. གདའ་བ་ is seldom heard), resp. བཞུགས་པ་, ,to be present, stay, be found at a place'; negat.

z༦ '-p« = འདུག་པ་, negat. མ་རེད་ in Spiti and CT, seldom

in books. — e) 5′′′ mod-pa, mö’-pa has a somewhat emphatical sense:, to be (something) in a high degree',,to be (somehow) in plenty'. It occurs most frequently in the Gerund with (41.), when it frequently has the sense of ,though, but never with a negative.— ƒ) § nan-wa, originally,to appear, to be visible, extant, negat. D. Sometimes in books, and common in certain districts. g) In books the concluding o (34.) is, moreover, fouud to represent the verb,to be in all its meanings, and is capable of being connected with words of all classes besides verbs,

e.g. དང་པོ འོ་ ,is the first་ = དང་པོ་ཡིན་. Jn a similarmanner

also the of the Imperative (38.) implies the verb,to

be'.

h) The Preterit root for all these verbs is son ,was, has been', and besides also,has gone, become', which is its original meaning. For the use of these verbs as auxiliaries s. 35. sq.

འགྱུར་བ་

2. originally,to be changed, turned into something' then,to become, to grow', auxiliary for the Future tense in the old classical language, as mentioned in 37. Since this can be considered as the intransitive or passive notion, opposite to ‚to make, render', the connection