Chapter V. Pronouns. 24. Personal Pronouns. First person: na; 25′ ned, ië'; ངོས་ ios (Ld); ཁོ་བོ་ ko-ato, masc-, and ཁོ་མོ་ ko-mo, fem.; བདག་ dag ,self* I'; Second person: Kyod (kyö’), 5′ kyed (kyě'),thou, you'; Third person: ✅ ko, ,he, she, it'. ཁོང་ Zoú ཁྱོད་ The plural is formed by adding ཅག་, རྣམས་,ཅག་རྣམས་ F, or お , but very often, if circumstances show the meaning with sufficient certainty, the sign of the plural is altogether omitted. The declension is the same as that of the substantives. Remarks: is the most common and can be used by every body; 25 seems to be preferred in elegant speech (s. Note); is very common in modern letter writing, 2. person. is used in books in addressing even the highest persons, but in modern conversation only among equals or to inferiors; is elegant and respectful, especially in books. 3. person. monstr. pron. seldom occurs in books, where the de (§ 26) is generally used instead; is common to both the written and the spoken language, and used, at least in the latter, as respectful. But it must be remarked that the pronoun of the third person is in most cases entirely omitted, even when there is a - change of subject. Instead of ང་ཅག་ and ཁྱོད་ཅག་ the people of WT use ¦ and; the vulgar plural of sÃˇˇ ང་ཞ་ ཁོ་ is ཁོ་པ་. To each of these pronouns may be added: rań or ñid, îì',self, and in conversational language 5′55′′, ཁྱོད་རང་, ཁོ་རང་ are, perhaps, even more frequently used than the simple forms, without any difference in the meanis more prevalent in books, except the compound ing. ñi-ran, which is in modern speech the usual respectful pronoun of address, like,Sie' in German. Note. The predilection of Eastern Asiatics for a system of ceremonials in the language is met with also in Tibetan. There is one separate class of words, which must be used in reference to the honoured person, when spoken to as well as when spoken of. To this class belong, be sides the pronouns ཉིད་རང་, ཁྱེད་, ཁོང་, all the respect ful terms by which the body or soul, or parts of the same, and all things or persons pertaining to such a person, and 36 24.-25. Pron. Respectful and Elegant Terms. even his actions, must be called. The notions, most fre quently occurring, have special expressions, as stead of QA lus, lū,,body'; 55′ u, i. o. ལུས་ དབུ་ Mà tug(s) (Ü: tû), i.o. Ñ *(8)ku, ingo,head'; sem(s),soul', or ཡིད་ yid, yử',,mind'; WA yab, i.o. 4 (vulg: W),,father‘; ན་བཟའ་ aa-c༥, i.o. གོས་ g༠8, y!, ,coat', ,dress་; ཆིབས་ čib(s), i. o. 5′ (r)ta, sta,horse'; ' zug(s)-pa (Ü: žū-pa), i.o. 5 ̃ ̄dod-pa, dö'-pa‚to sit; HÉ5°4′ dzad-pa, dzä'-pa i. o. Ì5′′jed-pa, jhľ’-pa,to make and many others. If there is no such special word, any substantive may be rendered respectful by adding or re ཐུགས་ ཐུགས་ཁྲོ་བ་i.༠.ཁྲོ་བ་ spectively (so, HF i.o. X‚lifetime'; Fi.o. ÉT ‚anger') any verb by adding ', according to 39, 1. Another class of what might be called elegant terms are to be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as gyid-pa, gyï'-pa,to do'; H☎3⁄4à či-pa, ‚to be'; ¥5′5′′ lad-du, lä-du i o. §5′,for the sake of, with ཕྱིར་དུ་ out reference to the said person himself. Even uneducated people know, and make use of, most of the,respectful' terms, but the merely,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation. 25. Possessive pronouns. The Possessive is simply expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, 2, ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ etc. ‚His', ‚her',,its', when referring to the acting subject (suus), must be expressed by otherwise (ejus) by or,his own'; In C, in the latter 26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflective pronoun,,myself',,yourself etc. is expressed by ཉིད་, also བདག་. But in the case of the same person bcing the subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased, so for,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said ‚he precipitated his own body etc.; for,he rebuked himself —,he rebuked his own soul' ' ̈Ã3а rebuked his own soul‘ རང་གི་སེམས་ 2. The reciprocal pronoun,each other or,one another' is rendered by ,one — one་, as གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་བསད་ ,by one one was killed',, they killed one another'; གཅིག་ན་རེ་ to one one said',,they said to each other“. 27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1. di,,this; Z de, dhe, that' are those most frequently used, both in books and speaking. The Plural is generally formed by 5, and F. More emphatical are འདི་ཀ་, but also by etc. ,that same. The vulgar dialect also uses ཧ་གྱི་ ká-gyi ཨི་, and ✈ på-gyi for, that',,yonder, and, in WT, Ê, ཨི་པོ་ for,this‘and ཨ་ for ,that'; ཕ་གྱི་ occurs even in books. 2. It is worth remarking that the distinction of the nearer and remoter relation is, even in common language, scrupulously observed. If reference is made to an object already mentioned, is used; if to something fol lowing, འདི་; e.g. དེ་སྐད་ཅེས་སྨྲས་སོ་ ,that speech he said, ,thus he འདི་སྐད་ཅེས་སྨྲས་པ་ ‚thus he said; ′,this speech he said‘, ,he said thus, spoke the following words'. 28. Interrogative pronouns. They are su , who?"; ➡➡gan, gh.‚which?'; èi,what?'; to these the indefi nite article is often added, etc. The two former ཞིག་ སུ་ཞིག་ can also assume the plural termination དག་, སུ་དག་, གང་ དག་. -— In CT གང་ is frequently used instead of ཅི་ 29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely wanting in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relative clauses must be expressed by Participles und Gerunds, or a new independent sentence must be begun. The participle, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, being put either in the Genitive before the substantive, or, in the Nominative, after: འགྲོ་བའི་ཚོང་པ་རྣམས་ ,the merchants who would go (with him)'; ཉག་ཐག་གཡུ་བརྒུས་པ་ the cord on whichturquoises are strung'; འཁྱོས་མ་མང་པོ་ཡོང་བ་ཞིག་ |