10. Punctuation. For separating the members of a longer period, a vertical stroke: 1, called 95 sad (sa), is used, which corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon and colon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled; after a longer piece, e g. a chapter, four sads are put. No marks of interrogation or exlamation exist in punctuation. 2. In metrical compositions, the double sad is used for separating the single verses; in that case the logical partition of the sentence is not marked (cf. § 4). tib-ril, tea-pot,kettle.tóg-tse (W), hoe. 554 čár-pa, rain. 3' ña, fish. Part II. Etymology. Chapter I. The Article. 11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan article. 1. What have been called Articles by Csoma and Schmidt, are a number of little afhxes: པ་ བ་ མ་ པོ་ བོ་ མོ་, and some similar ones, which might perhaps be more adequately termed denominators, since their principal object is undoubtedly to represent a given root as a noun, substantive or adjective, as is most clearly perceptible in the instance of the roots of verbs, to which or impart the notion of the Infinitive and Participle, or the nearest abstract and nearest concrete nouns that can possibly be formed from the idea of a verb. These affixes are not, however, except in this case essential to a noun, as many substantives and adjectives and most of the pronouns are never accompanied by them, and even those which usually appear connected with them, will drop them upon the slightest occasion. 2. Almost the only case in which a syntactical use of them, like that of the English definite Article, is perceptible, is that mentioned § 20. 3; a formal one, that of distinguishing the Gender, occurs in a limited number of words, where denotes the female, the masculine. Thas: རྒྱལ་པོ་ yyd0-po ,king་, རྒྱལ་མོ་gydl-ao ,queen‘. Or, Jäschke, Tibetan Grammar. 2 if the word in the masculine (or rather common) gender has no article, མོ་ is added: སེང་གེ་ sét-ge ,lion', སེང་གེ་མོ ,lioness'. 3. In most instances, by far, their only use is to distinguish different meanings of homonymous roots, e.g. (3) tón-pa (tón-pa),teacher; (3) tón-mo (tón mo),‚feast; (8)tón-ka (týn-ka),autumn'. Even this advantage, however, is given up, as soon as a composition takes place, and then the meaning can only be inferred from the context, or known from usage: (from སྟོན་མོ་) ,name feast (given on the occasion of naming or christening an infant); སྟོན་ཟླ་(from སྟོན་ཁ་) ,autumnal month. In some instances the putting or omitting of these articles is optional; more frequently the usage varies in different provinces. 4. The peculiar nature of these affixes is most clearly shown by the manner in which they are connected with the indefinite article § 13. zer-wa re-wa,hope'; ′ gan-wa (gh°),full; (ser-wa),to say'; nyal-wa,hell; jo-wo (jhoH¬ E wo),lord, master'. 12. Difference of the Articles among each other. 1. The is the most general and widest of all, usage of |