its full shape, as better adapted to the form of that letter: thus, . In speaking it is seldom heard except provincially, and in some instances in compound words after a vowel thus, = ལ Urgyán, Urgyén, ancient name of the country of Lahore; dórje „vajra'. Ladakees often pronounce it =s: sta,horse' elsewhere ta. 7. Similar is the usage in those with a superadded (namely: the surds and sonants of the first four classes, the guttural nasal, and 5), which latter is often softly heard in WT, but entirely dropped elsewhere, except in the ease of, which is spoken in WT, but with a distinct aspiration 8. is superadded to the gutturals, dentals and labials with exception of the aspiratae, then 3 and ♂. It is, in many cases, distinctly pronounced in Ladak, but dropped elsewhere*). 9. ག་ ད་ བ་ ཇ་ ཛ་ with any superadded letter lose the aspiration mentioned in § 2. 6 and sound g, d, b, j, ds 10. often lose even the inherent hla or lha in ET. t-sound in pronunciation and are spoken like ), s, 2. *) This will be indicated in the following examples by including thes in parentheses, as (s)kom. TW: já-mo, C: ja-mo, W: bé-ma, C: že-ma, moon. da-wa (s. § 11 note), ཟླ་བ་ nón W: di, di (Pur: gri), ́ knife. དྲང་པོ་ W: ḍan-po, C: ₫°, straight. dag, dag (brag), rock. 5°2′ àrul-po, ragged. lá-ma, priest. སླ་མོ་ ld-mo, easy. kan-pa, foot. W: zun, C: dsun, lie, རྣོན་པོ་ 0dt:-p0, C: R:m-P0, རྫུན་ untruth. sharp. jan-ku (Ld. lj°), green. tad-mo (Ld. lt°), C: tä'-mo, spectacle. *) The concurrence of superadded with a consonant already R 8. Prefixed letters. 1 The five letters frequently occur before the real, radical initials of other words, but are seldom pronounced, except in similar cases as $ 7.6. ག་ occurs beforeན་ ཉ་ ཏ་ ད་ ན་ ཙ་ ཞ་ ཟ་ ཨ་ ཤ་ ས་ ; ད before the gutturals and labials with exception of the aspiratae; ➡ before, the palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants with the same exception as under 5, then ཞ་ ཟ་ ར་ ཤ་ ས་; མ before the gutturals, palatals, dentals and palatal sibilants, excepted the surds; before the aspiratae and sonants of the five classes. In C.T., to pronounce them in any case, is considered vulgar. 2. The ambiguity which would arise in case of the prefix standing before one of the 10 final consonants, as single radical, the vowel being the unwritten a,e. g. in the syllable 5, e.g. which, if 5 is radical, has to be pronounced dag, if prefixed gā, is avoided by adding an in the latter case: thus, དགའ་. Other examples are: གད་༡@d(༡@)andགདའ་ da; བས་ bas (0@, @) and བསའ་ ༠@; མད་ mad (m@”) and མདའ་ d@; འགའ་ 9@. This འ་ is added, though the radical be not one of the mentioned letters; as, 7 kā. 3. 5° as a prefix and as first radical annul each other, so that only the following sound is heard, as will be seen in the compound produces in W. T some irregularities, which cannot all be specified here (see the diction. The custom of C.T., according to which the is entirely neglected is in this instance easier to be followed. following examples (5 etc.). 4. Another irregularity is the nasal pronunciation of the prefixed in compounds after a vowel, which is often hearde.g. 55 pronounced gen-dún, gen-dýn, but eleg.: ge-dún, ‚clergy'; kam-bum, eleg. ka-búm, ,the 100 000 precepts' (title of a book). Note. With regard to the aspiration of the soft consonants in ET the prefixed letters have the same influence as the superadded ones § 7.9. འབབ་པ་ bab-pa, to descend. བཅུ་བཞི་ ༩-, eleg. cu-2t, fourteen. 555 wan, vulg. C: an, power. 5 u, resp. head. 9. Word; Accent; Quantity. 1. The peculiarity of the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the wordsyllables, but not the words (cf. § 4) composed of two or more of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to be regarded as one word. 2. There exist a great number of small monosyllables, which serve for denoting different shades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are postponed to the word in question; but never alter its original shape, though their own initials are not seldom influenced by its final consonant (cf. § 15). 3. Such monosyllables may conveniently be regarded as terminations, forming one word together with the preceeding nominal or verbal· root. 4. The accent is, in such cases, most naturally given to the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter part of the composition, as: མིག་ mi/, ,eye་, མིག་གི་ ༠ig-/', ,of the eye'; covering, glove'. lag, ‚hand, -- lag-sub(s),,hand 5. Equally natural is, in W.T., the quantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing the syllable, are comparatively long (though never so long as in the English words bee, stay, or Hindi, etc.), otherwise short, as mi,man', mi-lă‚to the man', but măr,,butter'. — In CT, however, even accentuated and closing vowels are uttered very shortly: mě, mě-lă etc., and long ones occur there only in the case of § 5, 4. 5. and 8, 2., as ལས་ l@ ,work‘; ཆོས་ č, ,religion'; མདའ་ da ,arrow'; za,planet'; and in Lhasa especially: aú ,forest'; ལེགས་པ་ U-p@ good'; རིགས་ ri ,class, sort‘; o @ nā lē-pa ལོགས་ ཨཾ ,side‘; ལུགས་ ú ,manner'. — In Sanscrit words the long vowels are marked by an beneath the conso nant, as: (717),called', '~' (H)‚root' (s. § 3). ནཱ་མ་ མཱུ་ལ་ |