Auristela drinks a poison prepared by a Jewess (Book IV, chaps. 8-10); incidentally Cervantes explains "esta que llaman hechiceria, con que lo hacen las hechiceras, usando mezclas y venenos," etc. (p. 673, col. 2). As the Persiles has numerous references to magic and witchcraft, I shall merely refer to the werwolf episode (Book I, chaps. 8, 18); the illness of Antonio, caused by the spite of the witch Cenotia (Book II, chaps. 9, 10, 12). Finally, the old hag Cenotia attempts to secure Auristela for King Policarpo, which is reminiscent of the effort of Kybele, the old go-between, to win Theagenes for the satrap's wife, Arsake. In this, however, we touch also the Celestina literature. 13. The spirit which controls the wanderings of the protagonists in both romances is the same, namely, blind chance. In Heliodorus the Túxn is a well-defined power, and, in accordance with pagan beliefs, of great influence in that inscrutable concatenation of strange events. In the Spanish translation this causal force is called fortuna, the power which always leads astray. When Cervantes adopted the spirit of this Fortuna into his romance, he was bound to become inconsistent. As a fervent Catholic he had to cling to his belief in a divine Providence, but as a romancer he followed Heliodorus; yet "Fortune," or chance, and Providence are reconciled by allowing the former to dominate the wanderings or trabajos, while the latter controls and assures a happy issue. It is natural that the resulting product should be to us, at least, a thoroughly irrational one. But Cervantes attempts to make it seem less so by avoiding the frequent use of fortuna, a common word with Heliodorus, and characterizing the straits of his wanderers as trances, casos, sucesos, trabajos, desventura, and the like; indeed, he treats fortuna largely as a figure of speech. However all this may be in the particular case of Cervantes, the large part played by chance or coincidence in the novel of the Renaissance makes it necessary- for purposes of comparison to recognize the predominance of rúxn or fortuna in the Greek romances; nor can there be any doubt that in this respect the influence of the latter upon the Renaissance novel was very marked. (Cf. the excellent treatment of this subject by E. Rohde, op. cit., pp. 297 ff.; E. von Dobschütz, "Der Roman in der altchristlichen Litteratur," Deutsche Rundschau, Vol. CXI (1902), pp. 89 ff.). Heliodorus uses both fortuna and fortunas; in the singular it is either blind chance or a malignant force: “aueys sido tratados de la fortuna tan asperamente como yo" (p. 16); "el piloto fue forçado de dar lugar a la violencia de la tormenta y fuerça de la nao, dexando el gouierno della a la fortuna" (p. 33); "no puedo estar alegre, porque mi fortuna no es tal, que yo pueda tomar alguna alegria" (p. 61); "quise poneros a lo que la fortuna de vos ordenare" (p. 106) "fortuna le auia dado nombre de hija echada" (p. 1072); “enojados contra la fortuna, que ella les embiaua vna tras otra tantas desdichas diuersas" (p. 126; cf. also p. 127); in the plural it is hardships or adversity: "no hay razon ninguna, . . paraque sepays vos mis fortunas (p. 61); "las fortunas de Chariclea eran vn notable argumento" (p. 107,); “os cansays de me escuchar tanto contar mis fortunas y desdichas" (p. 121; cf. also p. 123); the latter is the same as infortunios (p. 11); miserias y infortunios" (p. 1242). In the Persiles, fortuna is purely rhetorical: "esta que llaman fortuna, que yo no sé lo que se sea, envidiosa de mi sosiego, volviendo la rueda, que dicen que tiene, me derribó de su cumbre adonde yo pensé que estaba puesto, al profundo de la miseria en que me veo" (p. 567, col. 1); "esta que llaman fortuna, de quien yo he oido hablar algunas veces, de la cual se dice que quita y da los bienes, cuando, como, y a quien quiere, sin duda alguna debe de ser ciega y antojadiza, pues á nuestro parecer levanta los que habian de estar por el suelo, y derriba los que están sobre los montes de la luna" (p. 629, col. 1); cf. Galatea, p. 38, col. 1; p. 69, col. 2; Novelas, p. 169, col. 1; Don Quixote, p. 544, col. 1; Nuñez de Reinoso, op. cit., p. 444, col. 2; p. 453, col. 1; p. 454, col. 2; Achilles Tatius, Book III, chap. 2; La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y aduersidades (“Biblioteca hispanica," Vol. III), and p. 24: "a quanta miseria y fortuna y desastres estamos puestos los nascidos;" also 2a parte, cap. 2: "al fin habian de pasar por mi mas fortunas de las pasadas;" in the sense of storm; the word is common in peninsular literature: "á pocas leguas corrieron fortuna," El Donado Hablador Alonso, etc., Novelistas posteriores á Cervantes, "Biblioteca de autores españoles," Vol. I, p. 530, col. 1; and in same collection, Vol. II, p. 574, col. 2: "no era esta la primera fortuna en que se habia visto" (in Tarde llega el desengaño, by Da Maria de Zayas y Sotomayor); cf. also Professor Henry R. Lang's erudite work on El Cancioneiro Gallego-castelhano (New York and London, 1902), p. 195, for a valuable note. In the earliest Italian translation of the Persiles (1626) the title reads: "istoria . . . . nella quale senza interrompere il filo dell' istoria si leggono molti casi d' Amore e di Fortuna," etc.; Rohde, op. cit., p. 574, n., thinks that Boccaccio used the word after the manner of the Greek romances: "la invidiosa fortuna, la fortuna non stabile" (first tale, fifth day). It may, however, have been inspired by classical uses. 14. Both romancers pause occasionally to philosophize about life, or fate, or adversity, etc: "hijo mio, una aduersidad venida de subito, es intolerable de sufrir, mas la antes sabida y proueyda es mas ligera de lleuar," etc. (p. 66, Heliodorus). The Persiles: "Paréceme, hermano mio, . . . . que los trabajos y los peligros no solamente tienen jurisdiccion en el mar, sino en toda la tierra; que las desgracias é infortunios asi se encuentran con los levantados sobre los montes, como con los escondidos en sus rincones" (p. 629, col. 1). On the other hand the following must be a coincidence: "es pecado contra la Majestad Diuina, matarse a si mismo" (p. 71, Heliodorus), and: "les dije que la mayor cobardía del mundo era el matarse," etc. (p. 610, col. 2, Persiles). RAYMOND WEEKS. The Newly Discovered Chançun de Willame. I. EDITH RICKERT. The Old English Offa Saga. I C. B. BOURLAND. Los Moriscos de Hornachos. II KARL YOUNG. The Influence of French Farce upon the Plays of John Heywood FR. KLAEBER. Emendations in Old English Poems RAYMOND WEEKS. The Newly Discovered Chançun de Willame. II WILHELM CREIZENACH. Der Bestrafte Brudermord and Its Relation to Shake- F. F. ABBOTT. The Evolution of the Modern Forms of the Letters of Our Alphabet 307 M. A. BUCHANAN. A Neglected Edition of La Leyenda del Abad don Juan de J. S. NOLLEN. Schiller's Theory of the Lyric G. P. KRAPP. Notes on the Andreas E. A. GREENLAW. The Sources of Spenser's Mother Hubberd's Tale KUNO FRANCKE. The Blessed Boys in Faust and Klopstock H. B. LATHROP. The Sonnet Forms of Wyatt and Surrey F. L. CRITCHLOW. On the Forms of Betrothal and Wedding Ceremonies in the J. T. MURRAY. English Dramatic Companies in the Towns Outside of London. FREDERICK TUPPER, JR. Riddles of the Bede Tradition H. M. BELDEN. The Study of Folk-Song in America G. F. REYNOLDS. Some Principles of Elizabethan Staging. I H. S. CANBY. Some Comments on the Sources of Chaucer's Pardoner's Tale Betrothal THE INTERNATIONAL MODERN LANGUAGE SERIES RECENT ADDITIONS Frenssen's Gravelotte (Heller). Riehl's Die Vierzehn Nothelfer (Raschen). Alarcón's Novelas Féval's La Fée des Grèves (Hawtrey). Pailleron's Le Monde où l'on s'ennuie (Price). Selections from Maupassant (Schinz). Lazare's Elementary French Composition. OTHER IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS THE TEACHING OF MODERN LANGUAGES By LEOPOLD BAHLSEN, Professor of the Realschule VI, Berlin, Intended primarily for teachers of French and German in secondary schools, this suggestive work can also be used with profit as a text-book or a collateral reading in "methods" courses in normal schools and universities. STUDIES IN MODERN GERMAN LITERATURE By OTTO HELLER, Professor of the German Language and Litera- This volume is a most timely contribution to the knowledge of the presentday literature of Germany, since it deals with the most important aspects of German modernism and with the most conspicuous figures in it. The works of Hauptman and Sudermann are treated with especial fullness and exactness. The last part of the volume deals with the German woman writer of the nineteenth century. STUDIES AND NOTES IN PHILOLOGY AND LITERATURE Published under the direction of the Modern Language Departments of Harvard University. Volume X. The Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, especially those of Great Britain and France. By ROBERT HUNTINGTON FLETCHER, recently Assistant Professor of English in Washington University, St. Louis. 8vo. Paper. 313 pages. Volume XI. Ballad and Epic: A Study in the Development of the Narrative Art. By W. M. HART, Assistant Professor of English in the University of California. [In press.] GINN & COMPANY Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA DALLAS COLUMBUS |