'Schreiben, Schrift,' OHG. riz 'Strich, Buchstabe,' ON. reitr, OSw. vrēter 'Streifen.' Doubtful are ON. reita, OHG. reizen 'reizen' on account of OSw. rēta 'reizen,' and ON. rista 'ritzen on account of OSw. rista, MLG. risten 'ritzen.'

Germ. writan is from a base ureid-, which probably meant 'move to and fro, turn, rub, etc.' Compare early LRh. (ndrh.) writen 'drehen, verdrehen,' Du. wrijten, and for meaning OHG. (w)riban, MHG. riben 'reibend wenden oder drehen, reiben, schminken,' MLG. wriven 'reiben, wischen, scheuern, schleifen, zerreiben;' OHG. draen 'drehen,' Gk. Teípw 'reibe auf.'

A Germ. *ritan may have occurred which is possibly represented in MLG. riten, MDu. riten, NFries rīt, OHG. rīzan 'reisOf these the first three could represent Germ. *hritan (OS. hritan), or *ritan; the last *ritan, *hritan, or *writan. ON. rita might go back to *ritan or *writan, and if rista is related, it seems to point to the former. For if this were from *wristan, we should expect OSw. *vrista, not rīsta, the form that actually occurs. On the other hand Germ. *hristan would regularly give ON. *hrista, OSw. rista. Similarly MLG. risten may have had initial Germ. r- (or hr-) but hardly wr-. So also ON. reita, OSw. rēta, OHG. reizen give no difficulty when referred to *raitjan. But *wraitjan would give OSw. *vrēta; and *hraitjan, ON. *hreita and, if early enough, OHG. *hreizzen. On the whole, therefore, it is quite probable that a Germ. *rītan occurred. In some dialects this would fall together with writan, in others with hritan.

Germ. *ritan would go back to a base rei-d-, with which compare rei-p- in ON. rifa 'reissen, zerreissen' (whence NE. rive), OSw. riva, OFries. rīva 'reissen,' etc., Gk. épeiπw 'throw or tear down,' Lat. ripa, etc.; rei-b- in OE. ripan 'reap,' Norw. ripa 'ritzen;' rei-k- in Skt. riçáti 'rupft, reisst ab,' Gk. ¿peíxw ‘break, tear. All of these may come from the base rei- in Skt. rináti 'lässt laufen, löst ab,' etc. A base reid-, with which we may compare Germ. *rilan, and ON. reita, OSw. rēta, OHG. reizen, reizzen, is in Gk. épeído 'press against, lean against; prop up; press hard upon; dash, hurl, etc.' Compare no. 9.

8. LIMAN

MHG. ent-limen 'sich ablösen, ablassen von' is probably not from *līmen sich fest anschliessen' as given by Lexer, Mhd. Wb. 1922 (which would connect it directly with limen ‘zusammenleimen, vereinigen'), but from *līmen 'weichen.' Such a meaning best explains the use in such expressions as sin arger mūt im niht entleim; im entleim diu kraft. Compare Lat. līmus 'seitwarts abbiegend, schief,' OE. lim limb,' ON. lim 'Zweig,' limr 'Glied; Zweig,' base lei- in Goth. aflinnan 'fortgehen, weichen,' Gk. λίναμαι· τρέπομαι (Hesych.), λιάζομαι • weiche aus, gleite aus, sinke,' Skt. lináti, láyatě 'schmiegt sich an, kauert, verschwindet,' etc.

9. RIPAN

ON. ríða 'bestreichen, beschmieren' is usually supposed to be the same as rida 'drehen, winden, flechten, binden,' OSw. vripa 'drehen,' OE. wripan 'twist, bind,' etc. I refer it rather to a base rei-t-, and compare Skt. rīti-ş 'Strom, Lauf, Strich; Art, Weise,' OE. rip 'stream,' OLFr. rith 'Bach,' MLG. ride 'Bach, Graben,' Lat. rītus 'way, manner, rite,' ir-rīto 'incite, excite; move, stir up,' Skt. rináti 'lässt fliessen, lässt laufen,' ChSl. ringti, rijati 'stossen, fliessen,' etc. (cf. author, Mod. Lang. Notes 16, 311).

10. SKIBAN

MHG. schiben 'rollend fortbewegen, rollen lassen, wälzen, drehen, wenden, schieben; intr. rollen, sich wenden,' beschiben 'sich auf etwas wälzen; einem etwas zuwenden, zuteilen,' NHG. Bav. scheiben are plainly related to MHG. schibe, OHG. skība 'Scheibe, Kugel, Walze, Rolle, Rad, Kreis,' OLG. skība ‘sphaera,' ON. skífa 'Scheibe, Schnitte,' ME. schive 'disk,' Gk. σKоîπOS 'potter's wheel.’

The primary meaning of this group of words is not 'cut' but 'turn, roll, etc.' From this came various words for 'roller, ball, wheel, disk, etc.,' a diminutive of which appears in OHG. skivaro 'Steinsplitter,' MLG. schiver 'Schindel,' NE. shiver 'Splitter,' whence shiver 'zersplittern.' Or OHG. skivaro, etc., may belong rather to ChSl. scěpiti, cěpiti 'spalten.' In this case they must

be separated from ON. skifa 'in Schnitten schneiden,' which is better taken with skifa 'Scheibe, Schnitte.'

The earlier meaning 'turn, roll; shove, etc.,' underlies the following: OHG. beskiben 'disponere,' MLG. schiven 'nach Weise einer Scheibe bewegen, rollen; zerquetschen, pilare, contundere,' schivelen 'schwanken, auf die andere Seite treten, abfallen; unredlich handeln, intrigieren,' NE. shiver 'schauern, zittern' (these last two frequentatives), ON. skeifr, OE. scaf, MLG. schef, MHG. schief, 'schief.' ON. skeifr, etc., Zupitza, Germ. Gutt. 154, compares with Lith. i skybei (adv.) 'schief,' Lett. schkibs 'schief,' schkebt 'kippen,' which would imply a base sqeibh-.

In Gk, occur synonymous bases sqeip-, sqeib-, sqeibh-: σкíμπтw, σκίπτω 'prop against; crouch, ἐνσκίμπτω ‘dash in or upon, σκιμπάζω, σκιμβάζω, κιμβάζω halt, limp, crouch, σκιμβός ‘halt, limping,' σkipos 'niggardly, miserly.' Compare OE. hnigan 'bend down,' hnag 'bowed down, prostrate; contemptible; niggardly.'

11. SMITAN

This word occurs with the greatest variety of meanings: NHG. schmeissen, MHG. smizen 'streichen, schlagen,' NE. smite, OE. smitan 'daub, smear; pollute,' Norw. dial. smīta 'kleben; refl. wegschleichen,' Sw. smita 'schleichen, sich drücken, sich davonmachen,' etc. These are from a pre-Germ. base smei-d- 'drücken, reiben, streichen, schmieren, etc.; sich drücken, schleichen, etc.,' which is from směi- in Gk. σμñv, oμńxw, oμwxw (cf. Schade, Wb. 835; Persson, Studien 183).

Derivatives of the same base smei- are NHG. schmeichen 'smooth, plane,' Norw. smika 'streichen, glätten,' Sw. smeka 'streicheln, hätscheln, liebkosen,' MDu., MLG. smeken, MHG. smeichen, smeicheln 'schmeicheln.'

Similarly Germ. smītan 'streichen, etc.,' may be compared with Lett. smaidīt 'schmeicheln.' But this is regarded as related to Lett. smaida Lächeln,' Gk. pedáw 'smile,' derivatives of the base smei- in Skt. smáyatē 'lächelt, lächelt verschämt, errötet,' vi-smáyate 'wird betroffen, bestürzt,' smaya-s 'Staunen, Verwunderung; Hochmut, Stolz,' ChSl. směją sę, Lett. smeiju 'lache,' Lat. mirus, etc. In these words we have the intransitive and

passive meanings of smei-. Skt. smaya-s is especially instructive, as it points to the primary meaning 'drawing back,' which describes both astonishment, wonder, shyness,' and 'aloofness, haughtiness.' Compare especially Sw. smita 'sich drücken, sich davon machen' and NHG. verschmitzt, Dan. smette 'schlüpfen.'

A similar development in meaning is seen in the following: NHG. dial. schmorkeln 'schrumpfen,' OE. smearcian 'smile,' NE. smirk 'schmunzeln.'- Lith. smaukiù glatt oder gleitend streifen,' MHG. smiegen sich eng an etwas drücken, sich zusammenziehen, ducken,' NE. smug 'smooth, sleek; unctuous; selfsatisfied.'-Scotch smule, smuil 'schleichen; schmeicheln,' MHG. smollen 'schmollen; schmunzeln,' smielen lächeln:' Gk. σμolós, σμvós 'mürrisch:' MHG. smieren lächeln.'-MHG. smutzen 'streichen: schlagen; beflecken,' MLG. smotteren 'schmeicheln, liebkosen,' MHG. smutzen, smutzern, smunzeln 'schmunzeln.'

12. STRĪDAN

This verb occurs in a twofold sense represented by OE. strīdan 'stride' and OHG. strītan 'streiten.' That these meanings are easily combined I have shown in PBB. 24, 532.'

The old connection of OHG. strīt 'Streit' with Lat. (st)līs (Vaniček 329) may be phonetically possible as Uhlenbeek, PBB. 20, 328 f., and Walde, Et. Wb. 344, maintain. But before we admit this comparison, it should be proved conclusively that Germ. str- may come from IE. stl-, and that the meaning of Lat. līs and OHG. strit actually correspond.

In the sense 'strive, contend' the word occurs strong as follows: OSw. strīpa 'streiten' (usually weak), OFries. strīda, MDu. striden 'streiten,' OLFr. withar-strīdan 'widerstreiten, zornig, erbittert sein,' MLG. striden (also wk. like OS. strīdian), OHG. strītan, MHG. strīten 'kämpfen, streiten; sich eifrig bemühen.' Related to these are ON. strio 'Streit, Kummer,' stríða 'streiten; plagen, reizen,' stríðr 'streitsüchtig, rauh, streng, grimmig,' Dan. strid ‘rauh, struppig; hart, streng, trotzig,' OS. strid 'Streit, Eifer,' OHG. ein-strīti 'widerspenstig,' etc.

1 The connection between stride and streiten had been given before by Skeat, Et. Dict., and has been adopted by Falk og Torp, Et. Ordbog II, 307.

In all these forms there is no evidence of a Germ. p. If the d of Germ. strīdan goes back to an IE. t, then the verb must be an aorist-present *stritó or *sritó or **stlītó. Admitting that it

is an aorist-present, it is still strange that no noun or adjective occurs with Germ. p. The probabilities are therefore that the verb had IE. dh, and for that reason, if for no other, could not be directly compared with Lat. līs.

Both stride and streiten may be referred to a pre-Germ. base streidh- 'stretch out, stand out stiffly,' whence 'stride, straddle' and 'strive, struggle,' with which compare streid- in ON. strita 'zerren, reissen,' stritask, streitask 'sich anstrengen, sich sträuben,' streita 'Anstrengung,' strit 'schwere Arbeit.' These seem to come from a base sterei-: OE. strīmende 'resisting; striving.' Lith. strainùs 'widerspenstig in Worten,' pasistraīnyju ‘streben, sich anstemmen;' Gk. σrépipos, στpipvós 'starr, hart, fest,' early Du. strijven 'streben, streiten,' OHG. *strīban, whence OFrench estriver, NE. strive 'streben, streiten.' Synonymous bases sterex- and stereux- occur. Compare especially streud-, which shows the same double development as in stride, streiten: OE. strūtian 'stand out stiffly, be rigid,' NE. strut 'sich spreizen, stolzieren,' MHG. strotzen, striuzen 'sträuben, spreizen,' strūz 'Widerstand, Streit.' For meaning compare no. 5.

13. SWIGAN

OSw. swigha 'sich neigen,' Sw. dial. sviga (sveg) 'sich biegen, schwanken, nachgeben,' MDu. swighen, MLG. swigen 'schweigen,' MHG. swigen 'schweigen, verstummen' (also weak like OHG. swigen) etc.: ON. suig. 'bend, curve, circuit,' suige, sueigr 'switch,' sueigia bow, bend:' Lith. svaigti 'schwindelig werden,' svaiginéti 'umherschwanken,' Russ. svigat 'bummeln, sich herumtreiben' (cf. Mod. Lang. Notes xvi, 20).

According to Persson, Studien 192 f., Lith. svaigti has IE. g not gh, and is related to OE. swican 'gehen, schweifen, weichen,' etc.; and Sw. dial. sviga is from pre-Germ. *suikó. In that case we may compare NIcel. svía 'weichen,' and in any case refer all to a base suei- (id. ibid.).

The same change of meaning as in the above is seen also in