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SURNAMES FROM NATURAL OBJECTS.

From HEAVENLY BODIES; as, SUN, MOON, STAR. From QUADRUPEDS; as, BUCK, PALFREY, BADGER, KIDD, BULL, COLT, Puss, &c. From BIRDS; as, BIRD, BULLFINCH, COOTE, DRAKE, DAW, FINCH, JAY, PARROT, NIGHTINGALE, PIGEON, &c. From FISHES; as, CHUBB, DOLPHIN, HERRING, PIKE, STURGEON, FISK FISH, WHITING, &c. From VEGETABLES; as, MYRTLE, HOLLY, GAGE, CHERRY, ROSE, FLOWER, SAGE, PEASE, PRIMROSE, LEMON, PEACH, PLUM, BEET. From the MINERAL KINGDOM; as, CLAY, GOLD, STONE, JEWEL, FLINT, DIAMOND. From ARMOR; as, SHIELD, GUN, Dart.

SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, ETC. Of this we have BROTHERS, COUSINS, HUSBAND, CHILD, BACHELOR, KINSMAN, MASTER, LOVER, GUEST, PRENTICE. So we have RICH, POOR, BOND, FREEMAN. SURNAMES FROM DIF FERENT PARTS OF THE BODY; as, Head, Face, Cheek, Beard, Neck, Shanks. From the BODY of ANIMALS; as, Maw, Horn, Wing, Crowfoot. From COINS; as, Penny, Twopenny, Pound. From the WEATHER; as, Frost, Snow, Hail, Thun der, Tempest, Mist, Dew. From SPORTS; as, Bowles, Ball, Dice, Fair, Play. From VESSELS; as, Ship, Cutter, Deck, Helm. From PACES; as, Trot, Gallop. From MEASURES; as, Gill, Gallon, Peck. From PREDILECTIONS; as, Loveday, Loveland. From NUMBERS; as, Six, Ten, Forty. From DISEASES; as, Cramp, Akinside, Headache, Ague. Miscellaneous, like the following: Overhead, Wig, Tomb, Coffin, Window, Fudge, Pop-kiss, Shake-lady, Twelve-trees, Go-tobed, Drink-water, &c., &c.

NAMES DERIVED FROM THE VIRTUES, ETC. Peace, Joy, Hope, Love, Patience. Sometimes a whole sentence was adapted as a name; as, Faint-not Hewett, Makepeace Heaton, Kill-sin Pimple, Be-faithful Joiner, Hope-fear Rending, Stand-fast-on-high Stringer, Fly-debate Roberts, Be-steadfast Ellyard, Be-courteous Cole, The-peace-of-God Knight, Fight-the-good-fight-of-faith White.

NAMES OF PLACES.

§ 368. Ав, at the beginning of the Names of Places, is frequently derived, by a contraction, from Abbot, and denotes that a Monastery was once there, or, at least, that the place belonged to some Abbey; as, Abington the Town belonging to the Abbacy.

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Ac, AK, came from the Saxon Ac or oak; as, Acton, a Town abounding in oaks.

ALD comes from eald, ancient; as, ALDborough, or Old

Town.

ATTLE, ADLE, came from the Saxon Ethel, signifying noble; as ATTLEborough, or Noble Town.

BOROUGH, BURGH, BURY, comes from Burg, Byrig, a Town or City; as, PeterBOROUGH, the Town of St. Peter.

BOTTOм, a valley or low ground, from the Anglo-Saxon botm. In Sussex, England, it is said that dale and valley. are rarely used; Bottom is substituted. Hence the names

RamsвOTTOм, LongBOTTOM.

BOURNE, BORN, or BURN implies a stream or rivulet forming a boundary; as, TyBURN, HolBURN, SelBOURNE.

BRAD, at the beginning of words, signifies broad, from the Saxon brad; as BRADford=Broadford.

BY, BYE, Danish, Town, village, a habitation; as, Grimsby. CARN or CAIRN, a Druidical heap of stones.

CASTER, CHESTER, CESTER, from the Latin castra, a camp; as, Casford Castle or Town upon the Ford.

CHIP OF CHEAP, from the Saxon cypan, to buy or sell, indicates a Market-town; as, CHIPpenham, or CHEAPside.

CLIFT or CLIVE signifies a cliff, a steep place or rock; as, CLIFTON.

COMP at the beginning of words, and Coмв at the ending, denotes the lower situation of a place or a valley, from the Celtic Kum; as, Compton.

CROSS has reference to the practice of placing a cross at the meeting of different ways to indicate the proper road. Thus at Charing-CROSS, Waltham-cRoss, there must have been a cross formerly. The term is also applied to the places where roads cross each other.

DALE, a valley; as, KenDAL, a corruption of Kent-DALE.
DEAR, BY, the habitation or place of Deer DerBY.
DEN indicates a valley; as, SenterDEN.

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DON, DUN, DOWN, signifies a hill gently sloping; as, DUN kirk, South Down.

FLEET is an inlet for water; as, WainFLEet.

FORD, the passage of a river; as, OXFORD, HartFORD. HAM, at the termination to the Names of Places, signifies House, a habitation or home, in the southern counties of England pronounced hame. The original form still remains in HAMlet, and in DedнAM, SouthHAMton South-home-town. HAMtonscire was abbreviated to Hampshire.

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HURST, from the Saxon hyrst, signifies a wood; as, Pen

HURST.

ING, a meadow or field; as, Reading, Birmingham. LEY, LEIGH, comes from the Saxon leag, a pasture field; as, OakLEY, ChudLEIGH,

Low, from the Saxon hlaw, a hill; as, HoundsLow. MARSH, MAS, from the Saxon mersc, a marsh; as, MARSH field, Masbrough.

NESS, from the Anglo-Saxon næse, nose, signifies a place at or near a promontory; as, Holderness.

OVER denotes the situation over a Hill or a River; as, WendovER.

PEN, the top of a hill.

RIC, RIDGE, seem to denote a range of hills on the top of a hill; as, WoldRIDGE.

STEAD, a station; as, HomesTEAD.

STOWE, from Anglo-Saxon stowe, a place; as, Godsrowe, a place dedicated to God.

THORPE, from Anglo-Saxon thorpe, a village; as, Bishops.

THORPE.

TUN, TON, DON, a Town; as, HuntingToN.

WEOLD, WOLD, is a wild or wood; as, CoteswoLD, famous for its sheep and pasture ground.

WORTH, Anglo-Saxon weorth, a village or street; as, KillingsWORTH.

WICK, WICH, Danish vig, Dutch wyk, a bay or creek formed by a curve in a river, a retreat or station; as, Greenwick or WICH, the green village; Sandwich, sand village.

NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK.

§ 369. The names of the days of the Week are derived from the Gods worshiped by the Northern nations of Europe. Out of the seven days of the week, three of them correspond, in the origin of their names, with the Roman Calendar :

SUNDAY (dies Solis) was the day sacred to the Sun= Sun's day.

MONDAY (dies Luna) was sacred to the Moon Moon's day.

TUESDAY was sacred to the God Tuisco Tuisco's day. WEDNESDAY was sacred to the God Woden = Woden's day. THURSDAY was sacred to the God Thor = Thor's day. FRIDAY was sacred to the Goddess Friga - Friga's day. SATURDAY (dies Saturni) was sacred to the God Seater= Seater's day.

NAMES OF THE MONTHS.

§ 370. The names of the Months are of Roman origin, thus:

JANUARY, Januarius, is from Janus. He was the Sun-God, or God of the year of the early inhabitants of Italy.

FEBRUARY, Februarius, is from Februa, which were purifications performed this month.

MARCH, Martius, is from Mars, the supposed father of Romulus.

APRIL, Aprilis, from the verb Aperio, is the month in which trees and flowers open their buds.

MAY, Maius, is from Maia, the mother of Mercury.
JUNE, Junius, is from Juno.

JULY, Julius, is from Julius Cæsar..

AUGUST, Augustus, is from Augustus Cæsar.

SEPTEMBER, September, is the seventh month.

OCTOBER, October, the eighth month.

NOVEMBER, November, the ninth month.

DECEMBER, December, the tenth month.

The Romans originally had but ten months, commencing with March.

PART V.

LOGICAL FORM S.

CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY STATEMENTS.

DEFINITIONS.

371. LOGIC, Greek λoyun, from 2óyoç, has been defined as the Science, and also the Art of Reasoning; but in order successfully to investigate and apply the principles of reasoning, the forms of Logic must be familiarly known. Aóyos has been defined as the word or outward Form by which the inward thought is expressed and made known; also, the inward thought or reason itself, so that it comprehends both the Latin ratio and oratio, the sermo internus and the sermo externus. So intimately, also, is Logic, the derivative term, connected with Language, that it may, so far as it is an art, be correctly defined as the art of employing language prop erly for the purposes of Reasoning.

LOGICAL FORMS are those forms of language to which logical terms are usually applied; as, Proposition, syllogism.

THE RELATIONS OF GRAMMAR, LOGIC, AND RHETORIC. $372. LOGIC deals with the Meaning of language; GRAM MAR with its Construction; RHETORIC with its Persuasiveness. Logic plans the temple; Grammar builds it; Rhetoric adorns it. To reduce a sentence to its elements, and to show that these elements are the Subject, the Predicate, and the Copula, is the department of Logic. To state that such an expression as Thou art speaking is correct, having reference only to the parts of speech and their arrangement, is a point in Grammar. To show the difference, in force of expression; between such a sentence as Great is Diana of the Ephe

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