Greenwich. A monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey, and another on the Plains of Abraham (which was replaced, in 1849, by the British troops serving in Canada, by a handsomer one), on the very spot where Wolfe died, victorious.' Montcalm died on the morning after the battle, aged forty-seven. He was buried at the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. A noble and chivalrous soldier, he was regretted by friend and foe. A monument to the memory of himself and Wolfe was erected by subscription, at Quebec, in 1827, chiefly through the exertions of the Earl of Dalhousie, then GovernorGeneral of Canada."

12. The fall of Quebec before Wolfe's invincible forces stimulated the English, and the victory was followed up with

the intention of possessing Canada. The English Parliament freely voted men and money for this purpose. In the face of these additional measures the French were ill-prepared to make farther resistance. The small reinforcements despatched by France failed to reach Canada; nevertheless, the governor determined to make a desperate effort to retake Quebec. He sent General de Lévis from Montreal with all his available forces. General Murray marched out of the fort to meet him, but was compelled to retire. However, Murray was reinforced and the French were compelled to abandon the siege. The campaign of 1760 concluded the drama, and Canada, in this year, became a British province. "General Amherst's plan of the campaign for 1760 was to attack the outlying French posts of Isle-aux-Noix, Os-we-gat-chie (La Presentation, now Ogdensburg), and Fort Lévis at La Gallette (an island in the St. Lawrence); then to concentrate all the troops and rangers for a combined attack on Montreal. Murray was to move up from Quebec; Colonel Haviland was to attack Isle-aux-Noix; and Amherst himself was to advance against La Galette and Oswegatchie, on his way down the river. In June, Amherst left Schenectady with six thousand provincials and four thousand regulars. In July, he was joined at Oswego by Sir Wm. Johnson and six hundred Iroquois, afterwards

Wolfe and Montcalm's Monument

increased to one thousand three hundred and thirty. From this place Sir Wm. Johnson sent friendly overtures to the Indians near Montreal, which were accepted. Having sent Col. Haldimand with one thousand men as an advance guard, Amherst proceeded down the St. Lawrence in August. Oswegatchie was soon taken, but Fort Lévis, at La Galette, held out some days, but at length surrendered. In August, Col. Haviland appeared before Isle-aux-Noix, and opened fire upon it. M. de Bourgainville, the French commandant, did not long resist the attack; but, having withdrawn with his main force, the rest of the garrison surrendered to the British forces. Thus the whole of the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain region passed from the French into the hands of the English. At length the British forces from Quebec, Lake Champlain, and Oswego, converged slowly yet simultaneously upon Montreal; and early in September Montreal was invested by a force of seventeen thousand men under Gen. Amherst. Resistance was useless; and, after some discussion, De Vaudreuil proposed to capitulate. Amherst agreed, and on the 8th of September, 1760, was signed that memorable document by which the whole of Canada was solemnly transferred from the French to the British crown. Thus, after one hundred and fifty years of heroic struggle, with scant means of defence, against powerful rival colonists and a relentless Indian enemy, the first promoters of European civilization and enterprise in Canada were compelled to give place to a more aggressive race. But they did so with honor. Thus concludes our account of French rule in Canada.

To this Gen.

Lord Amherst.

CHAPTER IX.

THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENT 01 THE COLONIES TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.

EARLY SETTLEMENT. We will now trace the history and development of the colonies, thirteen in all, that united in 1776 to cast off the British yoke, after remonstrances had proved vain as against the tyranny of the English government. Virginia, Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, North Carolina, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Georgia constituted the United States, when the Declaration of Independence was signed; but this division pauses immediately before that step was taken by the Americans. There were two classes of colonists among the early settlers: the first comers were of the class afterwards known in English history as Cavaliers; they landed in Virginia in 1607; the other type, the Puritans, afterwards known as Roundheads in history, landed on Plymouth Bock in 1620, and colonized Massachusetts. The early records show but little intercourse and common sympathy among these distant bands of men striving to master a hard destiny; but in the end the contest resulted well for the world, in the establishment of a new home for liberty.

1. VIRGINIA. Sir Walter Raleigh is credited with having given the name of Virginia to the country in which the first English settlement was made on this continent, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. The success of the Spaniards in procuring gold from the native population in Mexico induced many to believe that all America was auriferous, and in consequence men who were not accustomed to daily toil came as birds of passage only, intending to return to England as soon as they had realized the wealth which they never doubted would be found in abundance. To become settlers, in the better sense of the term, was no part of their intention. The climate was very trying to such persons, and their endeavors to find gold assisted

to break down their constitutions, so that during the first summer, between April 26th and autumn, one-half of the colony had died.

2. Captain Smith, an adventurer, who published an account of his hair-breadth escapes in London while Charles I. was quarreling with his Parliament, was appar

ently the ablest man in the colony of Virginia. His experiences in many countries, under trying circumstances, had given him some readiness and energy, and he pursuaded the gentlemen of Virginia to become foresters and workmen, instead of idlers and gold-hunters. At first a prisoner among the settlers, he was afterwards chosen a councillor, and then president of the council. Under his direction a fort was built, and log huts as a protection against wintry rigors; besides which he made friends of the Indians, and procured from them supplies of provisions during his exploring excursions. Under his guidance the colony came

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

through its earliest perils, because he made the rule that none should eat except those that would work.

3. The book published by Capt. John Smith contained many proofs of his ingeniousness as it was full of perilous adventures, and beyond all doubt his courage led him into many difficulties, from which it required all his address to find an escape. While striving to discover a passage to the East Indies up the Chickahominy river, one of the feeders of the James river, the adventurer fell into the hands of the Indians, and was detained as a prisoner. But he awakened an interest among his captors by an exhibition of his acquirements and, in company with them, passed from tribe to tribe nearly all over the peninsula in which Gen. McClellan operated against Richmond in 1862. The great chief, Powhatan, is said to have condemned him to death. But the story is not absolutely beyond doubt, except that men wish to believe it because of the interest attaching to the intervention of Pocahontas. There was some foundation for the story that the beautiful Indian maiden saved

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his life; and Smith was after a time sent back to the settlement, with promises of friendship from the Indians.

4. Pocahontas continued to be a good friend to the white settlers; but the English government, under the incompetent direction of King James I. and his favorites, did all that was possible to ruin the adventure. The colonists had established

a council to secure just administration; but the company under whom the first charter for settlement had been obtained, procured a second charter in 1609, vesting the government in a governor only, concerning whose appointment the settlers were never consulted, and in the preparation of whose laws they had no voice. They were treated as dumb cattle by their masters.

5. The president of the council had been in effect governor for some time, and in that capacity the adventurer, John Smith, rendered good service; but about the time that the new charter was procured he was severely wounded, and returned to England. Quarrels with the Indians became common, and many of the settlers were killed; besides which, famine and disease decimated the remainder so rapidly that in six months their numbers fell from four hundred and ninety to sixty. Some of the colonists had tried to thrive as pirates, but their opportunities were few, and they abandoned the undertaking. The miserable remnant concluded to abandon the settlement; but at the time that they were taking their departure the new governor, Lord Delaware, arrived, with abundant supplies, and many emigrants. This event changed the aspect of affairs, and the men who were just quitting their adopted home returned to try their fortune once more.

6. The river on which the first settlement was established was called James river, and the settlement Jamestown, in honor of the King of England. The king showed his interest