escape, they were shot down, or hunted to death afterwards. Almost the whole tribe perished in one day, and all their lands were laid waste.

30. "Union is strength" was the motto among all the scattered colonies, and combinations were made in every locality where support could be given and received by the different settlements. During the Pequod war the Governor of Massachusetts gave assistance by men and counsels to the Connecticut colony. This settlement comprised Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, among which a written constitution, the first framed on this confinent by the people themselves, gave the right of voting to all free men. Saybrook colony was a proprietary settlement at first, but Connecticut bought the company's rights, and the settlement was included under its laws. New Haven colony took the Bible for law and government, and the settlement was under church rule. The absorption of Saybrook by Connecticut. left only two colonies in the region named.

31. Definitive union was secured, in 1622, by the issue of a royal charter by Charles II., under the influence of John Winthrop, which extended to all the colonists in the combination the rights certified under the Connecticut constitution. King Charles could be induced to indorse such liberal provisions in sheer thoughtlessness, although he would have anulled all the charters if his life had been spared. His brother James, in 1686, sent Governor Andros to Hartford to demand the surrender of the royal gift. The charter was about to be handed over, when the chamber was suddenly darkened, and before the candles could be relighted Captain Wadsworth had disappeared through the crowd, and the document, safely hidden in the Charter Oak, was not visible again until Governor Andros had returned to Boston. The annulment executed by the royalist governor was of no avail, and three years later, James II. having fled from England, Governor Andros was imprisoned by the colonists. The charter was to have been violated in 1693, under the rule of Governor Fletcher, but Captain Wadsworth intimidated the governor into abandoning the project.

32. RHODE ISLAND. "Freedom of thought" was the watchword of this colony from the first. Before Roger Williams came to the island, William Blackstone, an independent, who had become tired of the rigorous rule of the church in Boston, had settled near the site of Providence ;

and, as we have seen, Roger Williams made his settlement in 1636, contemporary with the second expedition to Hartford under Hooker. From all the settlements those who were oppressed made their way to Rhode Island, and Williams gave of his lands to every one, until only two small pieces, which he had cultivated from the first, remained in his own possession. Mrs. Hutchinson, and some of her followers, came to the settlement; the good woman having been banished from Massachusetts as being worse even than Roger Williams in the vindication of liberty of conscience. Some of the new-comers established the Rhode Island plantation' on the island of Aquiday. The word Rhode came from the Dutch roode, or red. In this colony the civil magistrate had no power to interfere with men on account of their religious views.

33. Roger Williams, one of the least worldly of men, was obliged at every step to combat the prejudices of his surroundings; all of them men able to appreciate his goodness, but impressed with the idea that he was light-headed, because he upheld freedom of thought. The Rhode Island settlement was denied the right to join the New England Union, on the plea that no charter had been granted, and the preacher made a voyage to England while the civil war was progressing in that country, which ended in the triumph of Cromwell. Returning with a charter, in 1647, the people were convened to elect their officers, and to affirm the principle of religious liberty; which was the more remarkable in that age, because those who were most zealous against the old tyrannies, or so-called orthodox thought, were among the readiest to put pressure upon the thoughts of other men.

34. NEW YORK. Ferdinand, Duke of Alva, boasted that he had put to death eighteen thousand Netherlanders during the war for the suppression of Protestanism in the low countries, but he could not destroy the spirit of enterprise and reform among the people, and soon after the discovery and exploration of the river, in 1609, which bears the name of Hendrick Hudson to this day, Dutch ships began to arrive to cultivate a trade. with the Indians. Settlements were made by the West India Company, at New Amsterdam in 1613, and at Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson, in 1614, and Fort Orange, or Aurania, was built in 1623. This settlement was successively called Beverwyck and Williamstadt, before the name of Albany was given, in compliment to the Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II. of England. Patrons or patroons, who

brought fifty emigrants with them, were allowed by the company to buy land direct from the Indians, and titles so obtained were indefeasible. The Van Rensselaer family obtained twentyfour miles square on both sides of the Hudson.

35. New Amsterdam, on the Island of Manhattan, had four Dutch governors in succession, ending with Peter Stuyvesant, the ablest of the quartette; but none of them were able to understand the principles of civil liberty. Dutch .burgomasters could not comprehend the claims of the colonists to enjoy such privileges as had been conceded to the settlers in Connecticut, as the liberties of the Netherlands had been merely the crystallization of the powers of a commercial aristocracy, under which the people enjoyed but little freedom. The Swedish settlement on the Delaware, and the English settlers on the Connecticut, troubled the peace of the Dutchmen, when they were not engaged in warfare with the Indians; but in the end Peter Stuyvesant came to terms with Connecticut as to the territory lying between Connecticut river and the Delaware, and being thus enabled to give undivided attention to the Swedes he reduced their settlement to submission. This happened in 1664, and in September of that year, just when affairs looked more sound than they had ever appeared before since the first landing, an English fleet demanded an unconditional surrender, in the name of the admiral, the Duke of York. The people were certain of more liberty under the new rule than they were enjoying, so they refused to fight, and the brave old governor was compelled to capitulate. The

name was then changed to New York, in honor of the duke, who was thenceforth considered the proprietor.

36. Connecticut privileges were not conceded by the new rulers, the people were taxed arbitrarily, and their remonstrances were burned contemptuously by the hangman; so that there was no difficulty about the reconquest of the settlement in 1673, when the Dutch fleets had become masters of the seas. The fleets prepared by Cromwell had been the means of the first conquest; but since Charles II. ascended the throne, England had so much declined in power, that it was feared the Dutch, who had sailed up the Thames,

THE CHARTER OAK.

would even sack London. The presence of a Dutch fleet caused the name of New Amsterdam to be once more assumed, but when the war came to an end, in 1674, England was allowed to resume the mastery. Gov. Andros, who was afterwards imprisoned by the colonists of New England, was the first ruler appointed after the resumption, and his conduct was so monstrous that he was recalled by Charles II. Gov. Dongan, the next comer, obtained permission from the Duke of York to convene a popular assembly, but when the duke became king he revoked every concession, added New York to the New England province, of which Andros became governor, forfeited all the charters, forbid assemblies, and denounced printing, carrying out on this continent the bigoted rule which was the cause of his downfall in England, in 1688. The deputy governor that represented Andros in New York was so conscious of his own misdeeds that he fled as soon as he learned that the people of Boston had imprisoned Andros; and, in the absence of other rule, Capt. Leislor, an able man, in whom the people had much faith, assumed the direction of affairs. The first governor appointed by William and Mary was named Slaughter, and his most objectionable deed was the slaughter of Leislor on a baseless charge of treason. It is claimed that Gov. Slaughter was drunk when the order was made, to gratify the aristocratic enemies of the captain. The rule henceforward was less arbitrary until the days of George II., but there continued to be enough of tyranny to maintain the vigilance of the people in defending their rights.

37. NEW JERSEY. - Dutch parentage must be conceded to the settlements first made in New Jersey, and soon after the Duke of York became proprietor of the New Netherlands ho handed over the territory between the Hudson river and Delaware to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley. Elizabethtown was named after Lady Carteret in 1664, by a company of settlers from Long Island and the New England colonies, and thus the first permanent English colony in New Jersey was established almost at the same date as the surrender of New Amsterdam to the English fleet.

38. Farther settlement was mainly due to the Quakers, although Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians largely possessed the land. West Jersey was the portion belonging to Lord Berkeley, who sold to some English Quakers, and a settlement from that body was formed at Burlington, being joined by large numbers subsequently. East Jersey was purchased from Car

teret's heirs, after his death, by another company of twelve Quakers, including William Penn; and the colony prospered.

39. The consolidation of New Jersey was effected in 1702, when the whole of the proprietors surrendered their rights of rule to the English Crown, and the settlements were united to New York under one governor, but with an assembly to legislate on local affairs. In the year 1738 New Jersey was constituted a royal province, at the request of the people, during the reign of George II.

40. Delaware was originally settled by the Swedes in 1637, and it is now, with the exception of Rhode Island, the smallest State in the Union, territorially considered. The first permanent settlement, near Wilmington, was called New Sweden, in honor of the land of their nativity, by the Swedish colonists; but the Dutch, under De Vries, had established a colony in 1630, near Lewes, in Sussex County. The Dutch colony, only thirty in number, was destroyed by the Indians in 1633. The Swedes and Fins, acting under the Swedish West India Company, built a fort at the mouth of Christian Creek, and another on Tinicum Island, below Philadelphia. This action provoked hostilities on the part of the Dutch, and after much fighting the Dutchmen conquered, sending back to Sweden all the colonists who would not swear allegiance to Holland.

41. Lord De La Warr, who came to govern Virginia just when the colonists were leaving Jamestown, in 1610, entered Delaware Bay in that year, and his name now attaches to the State, although Hendrick Hudson was the first explorer, in 1609. When New York fell into the hands of the English, Delaware was claimed by the Duke of York. Lord Baltimore asserted that he had a prior claim, under a grant from the crown; but the Duke, being the king's brother, carried the day, and in 1682 sold his rights to William Penn, who, after litigation with Baltimore, became established as the proprietor in 1685. Delaware was thus included in Pennsylvania for more than twenty years, but in the year 1703 the right to secede was procured; still the colony was governed by the Governor of Pennsylvania until 1776.

42. The three lower counties on the Delaware suffered but little from Indian and foreign wars from the time that the English came into possession, but, during the struggle made by the colonies to dispossess the French, Delaware did its share with honor and alacrity; and later in the day of liberty "The