Ab helfen, to remedy. Abschwören, to abjure, forswear. Ansehen, to behold, look at, perceive. Auf geben, to give up, (with dat.) to impose a task. Befie'gen, to vanquish, subdue. Fit, m. oath. Falsch, false. Koften, to taste, cost. Läugnen, to deny. Leid, n. affliction, pain. Muthig, courageous. VOCABULARY. Nachahmen, to imi- Ule'belstand, m. misfor tate. pen. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. tune, inconveni ence. Ulm'kehren, to return, turn round. Un'artig, ill-behaved, rude, naughty. Unsterblichkeit, f. immortality. Vernünftig, discreet, judicious. Versich'ern, to assure, to make sure. Vollständig, com behold his innocence in his manners. 9. To deny the immortality of the soul is as much as to forswear God. 10. The police made sure of the thief. 11. Imitate always the good, but never the bad. SECTION LII-VERBS REQUIRING TWO ACCUSATIVES} ALSO THOSE GOVERNING THE ACCUSATIVE WITH Several verbs in German, as in English, govern two accusatives, as :-Er lehrt mich die deutsche Sprache, he teaches me the German language. Gott nannte das Licht Tag, und die Finsternis Nacht, God called the light day, and the darkness night. Man nennt ihn nur den guten Walther (Pfeffel), they call him only the good Walter. (§ 132. 2.) Verbs signifying "to compare, to give, to take away," etc., govern the accusative and the dative (§ 129. 1), as :-Wem foll pletely. ich dich vergleichen? to whom shall I liken thee? Sie gaben ihm einen Wiedersehen, to see Ehrentitel, they gave him a title of honour. Die Feinde nahmen ihm again. Alles, the enemy took from him all (everything). Der General' schwor seinen Glauben The general abjured his faith, The der Richter mich nach etwas Ich werde kommen, um Ihr neues Sieht man mir an, daß ich frank Er ist ein verlor'ner Sohn; ich gebe ihn auf. Was Sie mir auf'gegeben haben, habe ich gethan'. Er ahmt dem Franzo'sen nach, und man. Before the judge asked me I will come in order to look at that I was sick? He is a lost (prodigal) son; I have done. He imitates the Frenchman, and wears moustaches. EXERCISE 98. 1. Die alten Sachsen schworen ihren Göttern ab, nachdem sie Karl ver Große vollständig besiegt hatte. 2. Indem er diese That durch einen falschen Eid abschwor, läugnete er die Unsterblichkeit der Seele. 3. Man sieht ihm die Schlechtigkeit an den Augen an. 4. Ich habe die Hoffnung, meine Angehörigen wiederzusehen, nicht aufgegeben. 5. Ich hatte meinem Bedienten befohlen, mich zu rufen, sobald Sie kämen. 6. Da ich meinen Namen rufen hörte, kehrte ich sogleich um. 7. Wenn ich dir nachahmen' wollte, würde ich bald kein Geld mehr haben. 8. Es ist ihm schon oft begegnet, daß er seine Brille suchte und sie auf der Nase trug. 9. Der König pasfirt heute noch diese Stadt. 10. Steure dein Schiff durch die zürnenden Wellen, muthiger Pilot! 11. Ein vernünftiger Vater steuert frühe dem unartigen Betragen seiner Kinder. 12. Selten habe ich Geld, aber immer Schulten, -wenn ich nur diesem Uebelstante zu steuern wüßte! 13. Was hülfe es dem Menschen, so er die ganze Welt gervönne, und nähme doch Scharen an seiner Seele? 14. Seine Stärke half diese Leiden tragen. 15. Die Köchin kostete die Speisen. 16. Gs foftete mir Freiheit und Vaterland. 17. Es kostete ihm seinen ersten Sohn. 18. Er versicherte mi. die Wahrheit dieser Sache. 19. Man hat sich des Diebes versichert. 20. Gute Sitten muß man nachzuahmen suchen.* 1. Den Fürsten, der sein Volk mishandelt, nennt man einen Tyrannen. 2. Er fragt mich nach Dingen, die ich ihm nicht nennen kann. 3. Schult mich was (Sect. LXIX. 1) du willst, nur nicht einen Verräther. 4. Die jenigen Leute muß man Heuchler nennen, die schön reden und schlecht handeln. 5. Man hat die Prinzessin Louise getauft. 6. Ich fragte ihn dies nicht aus Neuzierte. 7. Attila, der Hunnenkönig, nannte sich die Geißel Gottes. 8. Ich nenne Den meinen Freund, der mich nicht auf meine Vorzüge, fontera auf meine Fehler liebevoll aufmerksam macht. 9. Er heißt Alles Feinze und Emperer, was nicht mit ihm ist. 10. Der Lehrer schalt ven Schüler einen faulen Knaben. 11. Ich fragte ihn vergebens nach seinem Namen. 12. Ich vertiene nicht, daß mich das Volk einen Verräther nennt. 13. Ich gebe Ihnen dieses Andenken zum Beweise meiner Liebe und Achtung. 14. Wie gern verzeihen Eltern ihren Kindern die begangenen Fehler, wenn sie vies selben herzlich bereuen. 15. Er erzählte mir mehrmals seine Lebensge schichte 16. Sie vergaben mir mein Unrecht, unt reichten mir die Hände zum Beweise ihrer Versöhnung. 17. Webl tem Menschen, dem die Natur einen gefunden Geist und einen klaren Verstand verlich, aber noch wohli dem, welchem sie ein temüthiges und bescheidenes Herz schenkte. EXERCISE 101. 1. Mentor taught Telemachus the art of governing. 2. They will teach him this language. 3. The time past gives to men the best instruction for the future. 4. In his last letter he wrote to me the following news. 5. The rich should contribute a little from their superabundance with pleasure to the poor. 6. He showed me the beauty of nature. 7. I trusted him with the secret with the intention to test his discretion and fidelity. 8. Görgey is called a betrayer of his country by his own people. 9. He chides me with being a fool, as I declined to follow those principles which do not correspond with my inclinations. 10. The "Popular Educator teaches the English, French, and German languages (say, language) in the easiest manner. 11. My adversary extended to me his hand as a sign of his reconciliation. The prepositions mittelst, oberhalb, ungeachtet, vermittelst, vermöge, etc. (§§ 109, 110), govern the genitive, as:-Oberhalb der neuen Brücke ist der Fluß breit und tief, above the new bridge the river is broad and deep. Aller Mühe ungeachtet gelang es nicht, notwithstanding all the pains it did not succeed. Mittelst seines Beistandes schten wir es durch, by means of his assistance we carried it through (achieved the design). Das kannst du vermöge deines Verftandes begreifen, that canst thou, by dint of thy understanding, comprehend. Vermittelst Uebergabe kam die Stadt in Feindes Hände, by means of surrender, the town came into (the) enemy's hands. Zufolge seines Versprechens mußte er kommen, in consequence of his promise, he was obliged to come. in dieses Haus. 11. Oberhalb der Brücke steht ein Kreuz. 12: Anstatt tes Raffees trinkt er Wasser. 13. Troß des starken Regens geht er fpazieren (Sect. LXIV. 1). 14. Unterhalb dieses Dorfes liegt eine schöne Wiese. 15. Ungeachtet des Verbotes seines Vaters besuchte er das Theater. 16. Unweit dieses Waldes sah ich einen großen Vogel. 17. Vermöge seines Reichthums kann er die Armen unterstüßen. 18. Während der lezten Zeit fah er sehr bleich aus. 19. Wegen des Krieges fliehen die reichen Ein wohner. 20. Seiner Zusage zufolge kehrte er zurück. EXERCISE 103. 1. He did it in spite of his relations. 2. I found myself quite happy beneath the humble roof of that countryman. 3. Everything below the sun is subject to change. 4. What had you for dessert besides melons and grapes? 5. The poor emigrants hope to live better on the other side of the ocean. 6. He persevered in spite of all opposition. 7. The Gauls directed their toilsome march along the sea shore. 8. It is beneath the dignity of an honest man. 9. Greenwich is within five miles of London. 10. He ought to be spared on account of his age. 11. He is a nobleman by right of his birth. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. 1. Der Schreibtisch des tapfern Polen. 2. Das Leben eines Prinzen ist unsicher. 3. Der tapfere Pole mit tem lebhaften Gesichte ist ein Feind des Franzosen. 4. Ist er ein Freund des guten Hauptmanne? 5. Jener Soldat ist der Bruder seiner schönen Gousine. 6. Der fleißige Sohn des heitern Deutschen hat ein gutes Gewissen. EXERCISE 18 (Vol. I., page 103). 1. Has this draper good cloth? 2. Yes, he has good cloth, and this tanner has good leather. 3. What has the barber? 4. He has good soap. 5. Who has good hay? 6. This peasant has good hay. 7. What has the blacksmith ? 8. He has good iron, and his brother, the paper-dealer, has good paper, red, blue, and white. 9. Have you red or white wine? 10. I have neither red nor white (wine). 11. Your wine is sweet, but this here is sour. 12. Your red wine is strong, and the white wine of my neighbour is weak. 13. Has this miller good flour? 14. Yes, and this peasant has good grain, good oats, and good barley. 15. This girl has a fine voice. 16. My brother has something beautiful, and I have nothing ugly. 17. This man has only a little money, and the other has none at all. EXERCISE 19 (Vol. I., page 103). 4. 1. Hat mein Bruter, der Schneiter, schwarzes over rothes Tuch? 2. Der Freunt meines Bruters hat gutes Papier, rothes, blaues und weißes. 3. Der Sohn des Buchbinders hat etwas von tem Barbier. Die schöne Tochter des alten Schmiedes hat einen Hund und eine Kaße. 5. Der fleißige Tischler hat etwas Schönes. 6. Der Tuchhändler ist ein Sohn des fleißigen Kaufmanns. 7. Der alte Gerber hat die schlaue Kage und den treuen Hund nicht gesehen. 8. Ist der Zimmermann zu Hause? Nein, er ist nicht zu Hause. 9. Haben Sie etwas genommen? Ich habe nichts genommen. 10. Hat Brunnenwasser einen füßen, oder einen salzigen Geschmack? Es hat keinen falzigen Geschmack, sondern einen füßen Geschmack. EXERCISE 20 (Vol. I., page 119). 1. These new tables are great. 2. The white hats are beautiful. 3. These forks are of silver. 4. Have you silver or gold knives and spoons ? 5. We have silver ones. 6. The good boys have beautiful pears. 7. Diligent scholars have long exercises. 8. These old soldiers have old books. 9. The cutler has beautiful new knives. 10. The joys of this man are his lovely children. 11. The pulpits in these churches are high. 12. The old lady's nieces are diligent. 13. The 14. The Dutchmen are cleanly and preacher's girls are good children. honest. 15. This market-woman has the great, ripe pears of the peasant. 16. The great, ripe pears of this market-woman are palatable. 17. Has this lady your good (lady) friend's thimble ? 18. No, she has your good friend's thimble. 19. Has Miss Louisa your good mother's new parasol? 20. No, she has your good brother's umbrella. 21. Has the little daughter of this lady a music-master? 22. No, because she is yet too young; but her sister has not only a music-teacher, but also a teacher of painting. 23. Who has your brother's books? 21. 25. He your old neighbour's His (lady) friend's sister has the books. daughter my young friend's gold watch? 26. No, she has her neighbour's silver watch. 27. The leaves of these trees are yellow, but their fruit is ripe and good. 28. The rats are troublesome guests. 29. This old merchant has great riches. 30. This cavalry and that infantry are both equally good. 31. The chancellor's little son is the king's favourite. 32. This painter's friend has very beaut paintings. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XVII. SECTION XXXI.-SOLANACEA, OR THE NIGHTSHADE TRIBE (continued). THE capsicum (Capsicum annuum) is another of the Solanaceae. It is an annual, originally a native of India, but cultivated now in Europe, Africa, America, and Australia. Its berry is conical, smooth, and shining, green when unripe, passing gradually into a beautiful coral-red. In this pod resides a resinous balsamic acrid principle named capsicine. Cayenne pepper is capsicum fruit reduced to powder. The beautiful tomato, or love-apple (Lycopersicum esculentum), a native criginally of the West Indies, is now cultivated in European gardens, more especially in those of Spain and Italy. In the former country it serves as a daily article of food for persons of almost every grade of society. We now arrive at the genus Solanum, from which the order Solanaceae takes its name. It is very numeous in species. Its generic characters may be enumerated by a rotaceous corolla, anthers not opening by longitudinal fissures, but by two points at their summits. The most common species of the genus Solanum is the Dulcamara, or bitter sweet, a plant which is found growing in almost every hedge in the vicinity of London, known by its sombre foliage, its pendent cymes of pretty flowers, and its deep-red berries. By far the most important, however, amongst the genus Solanum is the potato, or Solanum tuberosum, a plant which originally was a native of the Cordilleras, or high mountains of Peru and Chili. The student will remember that the potato is not a root, but a tuber. He will also remember the botanical significance attached to the word tuber, which is a sort of aggregation of underground buds studded upon a dense mass of starchy matter and gluten designed for their nourishment. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Fig. 162) is another plant belonging to the natural order we are considering, and the usesome will say abuse of which is too well known to require comment. When Christopher Columbus, in 1492, first set foot in the island of Cuba, he saw, amongst other strange customs, the natives gather the leaves of a plant, dry these leaves, roll them 162. THE TOBACCO PLANT (NICOTIANA TABACUM). It is supposed that this useful vegetable was first brought into Spain in the early part of the sixteenth century, by some of the Spaniards who invaded Peru under Pizarro, and ultimately succeeded in annexing it to the Spanish dominions in the New World. The term potato is, in all probability, derived from the Spanish batata, a word which was originally applied to the sweet and succulent root called beet, or beetroot. The tuber and its principal use as a vegetable became known in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe soon after its introduction into Spain; but the potato was unknown in England until 1586, when Sir Walter Raleigh returned from an unsuccessful attempt to found the colony of Virginia, which was not permanently settled until 1607. The chief result, indeed, of Sir Walter Raleigh's expedition was the introduction of the potato into England and Ireland. It is asserted that the potato was first brought to this country by Sir John Hawkins in 1563; while, by others, the credit of having introduced a vegetable which forms such an important adjunct to the mid-day meal is ascribed to Sir Francis Drake. It is, however, most probable that it was brought from North America by Sir Walter Raleigh, who set about turning the knowledge of its habits and uses to good account by successfully attempting its culture on a large scale in his Irish estates near Youghal, in county Cork. into the form of a torch, light the torch, put the unignited end in the mouth, and breathe the smoke. Such is the first account we have handed down to us of the manufac ture and uses of a "mild Havannah." Subsequently, when Columbus and his goldhunting associates gained the main continent of America, they saw a similar custom everywhere in force amongst all classes, slightly varied as to detail, some using pipes, and others preferring the Cuban method of cigar. smoking. Nor were chewing and snuff-taking unknown to the Mexicans and Peruvians. The Mexican priests, in par ticular, were in the habit of taking snuff profusely, for the purpose of clearing their brains and exalting their intellects. From the aborigines of America, tobacco first passed to the Spaniards, then to the Portuguese, then to the English, and it is now every. where; and despite a great deal of opposition shown to it, there is no great reason to suppose that tobacco-chewing, smoking, or snuff-taking will ever be abolished. Tobacco was first brought into Europe by Jean Nicot, French ambassador at the court of Portugal; hence the name Nicotiana given to the genus. It was this ambassador who, we are told, offered the first pinch of snuff to Catherine de Medicis. The queen was much pleased with the sensation, history informs us, took to "snuffing" with great ardour, and becoming the acknow ledged patroness of snuff, tobacco was called in consequence Herbe de la Reine. Sir Walter Raleigh took some tobacco from Virginia to England, and became remarkably fond of its use. His example was soon followed even by the most refined cour tiers. James I., every person knows, entertained a furious hatred against tobacco. In the year 1619 he fulminated an edict against it, but tobacco was more powerful than the king. Pope Urban VIII., in 1624, next set to work to check the use of tobacco, against which he launched a special bull. The pope did not succeed better than the king. Next in the list of tobacco-stoppers came the Sultan Amurath IV., the Shah of Persia, and the Grand Duke of Muscovy. These potentates more especially directed their efforts to restrain the habit of snuff-taking; and disdaining argument, which had so signally failed under James-disdaining, also, religious enactments, which had not been more successful under the pope this precious trio of The great universal characteristic of the plants of this tribe is that from which they derive their name Leguminosa: let us, therefore, examine the anatomy of a legume. A legume, then, is nothing more than a long, flat carpel, for the most part containing many seeds, and splitting, when arrived at maturity, into two halves. The seeds, it will be remembered, all grow from one commissure or junction line in the inside of the As regards relative dimensions, legumes differ considerably, some being longer than they are broad, others the reverse. This Oriental worthies thought that the shortest way to check the habit of snuffing would consist in cutting off people's noses. This remedy they carried, we are told, pretty liberally into execution. The origin of the word tobacco has been traced to various sources. By some it is said to be derived from Tabacca, a province of Yucatan, in Mexico. Others, with an equal degree of probability, trace the derivation of the word to Tobago, one of the British West India Islands, near Trinidad, belonging to the Wind-carpel. ward group. Humboldt, however, says that the word tabacco was used by the Caribbee islanders as the name of the pipe in which they smoked the dried leaves of the plant, and that the Spaniards ultimately applied this designation to the plant itself. Its culture is attended with some difficulty, as a slight frost will often tend to check the growth of the young plants, if it does not cause a more serious injury,and destroy a great part of the crop. Tobacco is largely cultivated in all parts of Southern and Western Europe, except Great Britain and Ireland, where its culture is prohibited by Act of Parliament. Its cultivation in this country was forbidden in 1684; but in 1779 permission was given to the Irish farmers to grow tobacco, and this privilege -if privilege it can be called-was enjoyed by the Irish until 1831, when an act was passed to revive the former act, under which the cultivation of the plant had formerly been prohibited. The petunia, a beautiful specimen of our halfhardy herbaceous perennials, is closely allied to the tobacco plant, its name being derived from petun, the Brazilian name for tobacco. It makes a showy appearance in the borders during the summer and autumn, but requires to be protected under glass during the winter and early spring. SECT. XXXII. - LEGU. The structural characteristics of the fruit termed 163. BLOSSOM, ROOTS, AND LEAVES OF THE MEXICAN TOBACCO PLANT circumstance, however, gives rise to no physiological distinction between the two. As the Leguminosa form an exceedingly numerous order, and comprehend plants amongst which differences of structure exist insufficient to justify their formation into different orders, they are divided into groups, the distinctions between which will presently come under consideration. One of these groups, perhaps the most important, is the Pea tribe, the members of which are sufficiently familiar to all of us. Independently of the existence of a pod, in these plants there is another striking peculiarity; the flowers are shaped very much like butterflies. Hence arises the denomination papilionaceous (from papilio, the Latin for butterfly), by which the pea sub-division of the Leguminosa is known. Let us now study one of these flowers a little in detail. The calyx is made up of five sepals, all of which unite in a tube. The corolla is made up of five petals, not all, however, of equal size. One of them is considerably larger than the others, and rises behind them. This petal has acquired among botanists the distinctive name of vexillum or standard. The two shorter petals which stand in front of the standard are termed aloe, or wings. They are protected by a portion of the corolla, formed like a boat, from which circumstance it derives the appellation carina, or keel. by botanists a legume we shall presently enumerate; meanwhile, we will inform the reader that a legume is merely another name for pod, the sort of fruit borne by the pea, clover, laburnum, and Next observe the stamens, and you will find they are collected many others which will easily suggest themselves. in groups, or, to use the expression of Linnæus, they are "adelCharacteristics: Calyx free and monosepalous; corolla perigy-phous." All the common papilionaceous flowers are adelphous; nous or hypogynous, regular or irregular; stamens double the but many foreign species, especially certain natives of New number of petals, or occasionally indefinite; pistils united South Wales, Pultanaus Gompholobimus, Daviesias, etc., are not. into one carpel; fruit, a legume; seed, dicotyledonous; embryo straight or curved, exalbuminous; leaves, alternate, stipu lated. This is an exceedingly large and very valuable order of vegetables, all of which present good external marks for distinction, and, moreover, possess a similarity of chemical and physiological qualities. Next come the plants, which, although bearing. legumes or pods, are not provided with papilionaceous flowers. This division comprehends all the Cassias and their allies. Lastly, we have the Mimosa tribe, the great characteristic of which the possession of flowers like those of the Cassia in str but so very small that they can scarcely be recognised naked eye. LESSONS IN LATIN.-XVII. THE NUMERALS. As in English, so in Latin, the numerals have various forms. Thus we say, one, first, one each, once. One, and the corresponding two, three, etc., we call cardinal (from cardo, -inis, m., a hinge), because they are the chief numbers, those on which the others hinge. First, second, third, etc., we call ordinals (from ordo, -ĭnis, m., an order or series), because they show the order or place in a series which a person or thing holds. One each, two each, three each, etc., may be called distributives, because they distribute the numbers severally to persons or things, declaring how many each possesses. Once, twice, thrice, etc., are called adverbial numerals, because they imply some verb, and state how often the action of the verb takes place. You may see a full view of the Latin numerals in all their forms in the ensuing table, with the English figures on the left hand, and the corresponding Latin characters on the right hand. one. first. once. N. unus una unum. G. unius D. uni unius uni unius. uni. Where specially observe that the genitive ends in ius, and the dative in i. I put together in a form easy of remembrance the words declined like the preceding example: Pronouns that make ius in the genitive and i in the dative. unus, ullus, nullus. solus, totus, alius. uter, alter, neuter. Observe that the ius and the i of the masculine gender remain The English of the numerals that follow can be easily supplied in the feminine and the neuter. Uter forms its genders thus: by the learner. So in their compounds: by adding que, uter becomes uterque, which signifies both, and is fcrmed thus: nom. uterque, m., utrăque, f., utrumque, n.; gen., utriusque; dat., utrique; so, nom., unusquisque, m., unaquæque, f., unumquodque, n.; gen, uniuscujusque; dat., unicuique. Alius in the neuter, has aliud; in the genitive singular, alius (contracted from alius), and dative alii. In alteruter, one of two, commonly uter alone is declined thus: N. G. alteruter, m. alterutrius alterutra, f. alterutrum, n. alterutri alterutrius. Declension of duo, duæ, duo, two. 17. septendecim, septimus deci- septeni deni. septies decies XVII. Milia is declined like tria, thus: milia, milium, milibus, mila Milia requires after it a genitive; for instead of saying, as we do, ten thousand men, the Latins said, decem milia hostium ten thousands of men; but mille considered as a whole, a thousand is indeclinable: thus, dux cum mille militibus, a general a thousand soldiers. The ordinals are declined like nouns of The distributives are also declined after the same manner. Mark that singuli is in the plural. The plural is necessitated by the meaning, inasmuch as the adjective is a distributive, for distribution implies more than one; thus the Latins said, inter singulos homines, among the men severally. the first and the second declension. If now you carry your eye down the numbers, you will find that for every separate number from one to nine, there is a separate word. With ten (decem) a new series begins, which goes on to nineteen, when again at twenty (viginti) a new word begins a new series. In centum and in mille, you also find new |