Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.

Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.

Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.

Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.
Capt. F. Brinkley, Tokio.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.

Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.

Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.

Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marnali, University of Budapest.

Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.

Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.

Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.

Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.

Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

CONTENTS

VOLUME XXII

THE BRITISH EMPIRE

INTRODUCTION

A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE COLONIAL

WORLD, by LADY LUGARD

PAGE

1

Population of the empire, 2. Divisions and growth of the empire, 5. Adminis-

tration of the empire, 9. Industry and trade, 14. Defence of the empire, 18.

BOOK VII. THE HISTORY OF BRITISH INDIA

CHAPTER I

THE MOHAMMEDAN AND THE MUGHAL EMPIRES (664-1857 a.d.) .

21

The Mohammedan conquest; Mahmud of Ghazni, 22. The Afghan dynasty of

Ghor; the Slave Kings, Ala-ud-Din, Firoz, and Tughlak, 23. The Mughal invaders:

Timur and Baber, 23. The great Akbar, "Guardian of Mankind," 26. Selim and

Shah Jahan, 32. Early dynasties in southern India: Madura; the Deccan, 33. The

reign of Aurangzeb, 35. Sir Henry Lawrence on Sivaji, 35. The glory of Au-

rangzeb, 37. Last years of Aurangzeb, 38. The decline of the Mughal and the

Mohammedan powers, 38.

CHAPTER II

THE EUROPEAN EMPIRE IN INDIA: THE RISE OF CLIVE (1498-1774 A.D.). 40

Portuguese and Dutch settlements, 40. The English East India Company founded,

42. English collisions with the Portuguese and the Dutch, 43. The French settle-

ments: La Bourdonnais and Dupleix, 44. French victories over the English, 46. The

ambitions and successes of Dupleix, 47. The rise of Robert Clive, 49. The last days

of Dupleix, 52. Colonel Malleson thus characterises Dupleix, 53. Clive's return as

governor, 54. Siraj-ud-Daula, 54. The Black Hole of Calcutta, 54. English alliance

with the Nawab, 56. The British in India, 56. Clive's duplicity towards Omichund,

58. Battle of Plassey, 59. Clive returns again to England, 61. The arrival of

Count Lally, French successes, 63. English naval successes, 65. End of the French

power in India, 66. The fate of Lally, 67. English conflicts with the natives, 67.

Massacre of Patna, 68. Battle of Baxar, 69. Discords and intrigues in England, 71.

Clive's last administration, 72. The successes of Hyder Ali, 73. Evil days for the

PAGE

East India Company, 76. The great famine of 1770, 77. Parliament investigates

the company; the Regulating Act, 78. Censure and suicide of Clive, 79. Lord Ma-

caulay's estimate of Clive, 80.

CHAPTER III

WARREN HASTINGS, CORNWALLIS, AND THE WELLESLEYS (1772-1806 A.D.) 82.

English troops lent for the destruction of the Rohillas, 85. Hastings under

charges; Nandkumar put out of the way, 86. Lord Pigot at Madras, 90. War with

the Mahrattas, 91. Hastings fights a duel with Francis, 94. Hastings at odds with

the supreme court, 95. The outbreak of Hyder Ali, 96. The activity of Hastings;

the victories of Eyre Coote, 97. Hastings' exactions in Benares and Oudh, 98. War

with the Dutch and French, 100. The impeachment of Warren Hastings, 102.

Macaulay's picture of the trial, 104. The final acquittal of Hastings, 107. Macaulay's

estimate of Hastings, 107. Sir A. Lyall on Warren Hastings, 109. Pitt reforms the

administration, 109. Lord Cornwallis as governor-general; the war with Tipu, 110.

The campaign of Seringapatam, 111. The permanent settlement, 113. Capture of

Seringapatam and death of Tipu, 114. The subsidiary system, 117. Mahratta War of

1803, 117. Battle of Assaye, 120. Famine in India, 121. Mutiny at Vellore, 122.

Lord Minto and the mutiny of British officers, 124. The Gurkha War: the de-

struction of the Pindharis, 126. The army decimated by cholera, 127. Transactions

in Ceylon, 129. The British take Kandy and are massacred, 130. Cruelty of the

king of Kandy, 131. The final conquest of Ceylon, 132. The accession of Singapore

and Malacca; the conquest of Burma, 132. Reforms of Lord William Bentinck,

136.

CHAPTER V

FROM THE FIRST AFGHAN War to the MUTINY (1835–1857 a.d.) . 138

The Afghan War of 1838-1842, 138. The massacre of Kabul; the destruction of

the British army, 140. The reconquest of Jallalabad and Kabul, 143. From the

governor-general to all the princes, and chiefs, and people of India, 145. The con-

quest of Sind, 145. Battle of Miani, 147. Sir Henry Hardinge and the war with the

Sikhs, 149. Ranjit Singh of Lahore, 151. The successors of Ranjit Singh, 152.

First Sikh War, 153. Dalhousie's governorship and the second Sikh War, 157. The

battles of Chilianwala, Multan, and Gujrat, 157. The Koh-i-Nur, 158. Internal

improvements: the second Burmese War, 159. The taking of Fort Martaban, 160.

Annexation of Oudh, 161. Alison on the rule of the East India Company, 162.

Lord Dalhousie and the doctrine of lapse, 165. Motives for the mutiny, 166.

The greased cartridges and the unleavened chupatties, 168. The outbreak at Meerut,

170. Scenes in Delhi, 171. Mutiny forestalled in the Punjab, 172. British advance

PAGE

on Delhi, 174. The revolt in other places, 174. The defence of Lucknow, 176.

Nana Sahib and the massacre of Cawnpore, 177. An eye-witness' account of the

Cawnpore siege, 178. Justin McCarthy's account of the Cawnpore massacre, 181.

The British regain Cawnpore, 183. British retribution, 184. The failure to reach

Lucknow, 184. Siege and capture of Delhi, 186. The king's sons killed by Hodson

of Hodson's horse, 187. Siege and relief of Lucknow, 189. An eye-witness' account

of the relief of Lucknow, 191. Sir Colin Campbell secures the retreat from Luck-

now, 193. The recapture of Lucknow, 195. Successes of Sir Hugh Rose in Central

India against the Rani of Jhansi, 196. Transfer of the company's powers to the

crown, 200. End of the mutiny, 202.

CHAPTER VII

INDIA SINCE THE MUTINY (1858-1904 A.D.)

204

Lord Lawrence's viceroyalty, 204. The governorships of Lords Mayo and North-

brook, 205. Queen Victoria becomes empress of India, 205. Relations with the

Afghans, 206. The Afghan War of 1878-1880, 208. Social and industrial progress,

210. Employment of natives in public service, 212. Local government, 213. Crim-

inal procedure, 215. Civil service reform, 217. Third Burmese War, 218. The de-

cline of Indian prosperity, 220. Events on the northwest frontier, 221. Viceroys,

1880-1901, 222. Personalia, 224.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

A CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF INDIA (1336-1900 A.D.).

BOOK VIII. THE COLONIAL WORLD

CHAPTER I

THE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

233

Discovery and exploration, 233. The founding of New South Wales, 235. Abo-

lition of transportation: gold and sheep, 238. The settlement of Van Diemen's Land,

241. The convict system in Van Diemen's Land, 242. South Australia, 244. Vic-

toria, 247. Western Australia, 248. Queensland, 249. Agrarian legislation; Chi-

nese exclusion, 250. The labour movement, 252. The great strike of 1890, 253.

Federation, 255. Provisions of the Commonwealth Act, 258. New Zealand, 259.

History, 1882-1902, 260. Socialistic New Zealand, 261. The Maoris, 263.

CHAPTER II

THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA .

. 265

The discovery of the Cape, 265. Kaffir wars and the Great Trek, 266. The con-

vict agitation, 268. The Afrikander Bond, 270. The Rhodes administration, 273. The

ministry of W. P. Schreiner, 274. Cape Colony during the war, 275. The Orange

River settlement, 276. The republic organised, 277. Border disputes, 278. The new

régime, 279. The Free State and Kruger, 280. The break with Great Britain, 281.

The Transvaal, 282. British annexation 1877 A.D., 288. The first Boer War, 290.